Mariner 10 was an unmanned space mission launched on November 3, 1973 to fly by the planets Mercury and Venus. It was launched approximately 2 years after Mariner 9 and was the last spacecraft in the Mariner program (Mariners 11 and 12 were redesignated Voyager 1 and Voyager 2).
Venus flyby
Mariner 10 was the first spacecraft to make use of a "
gravitational slingshot" manoeuvre, using Venus to bend its flight path and bring its
perihelion down to the level of Mercury's orbit. It used the solar
radiation pressure on its
solar panels and its high-gain antenna as a means of attitude control during flight. Using a near-
ultraviolet filter, it
photographed the Venusian
chevron clouds and performed other
atmospheric studies. It was discovered that extensive cloud detail could be seen via Mariner's ultra-violet camera filters. Venus's cloud cover is nearly featureless in visible light. Earth-based ultra-violet observation did reveal some indistinct blotching even before Mariner 10. But, the detail seen by Mariner was a surprise to most researchers.
Mercury flybys
Mariner 10 flew past Mercury three times in total. Owing to the geometry of its orbit — its orbital period was almost exactly twice Mercury's — the same side of Mercury was sunlit each time, so only half of the planet was mapped by Mariner. It revealed a more or less moon-like surface.
More on
[ Mariner 10 ]
NASA :: Space
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Mariner 10 - Spacecraft and mission profile from the National Space Science Data Center.
Mariner 10 to Venus and Mercury - Brief mission overview.
Meta Description: [ Jet Propulsion Lab ]
MarinerView - Freeware Windows viewer for the Mariner 10 images.
Meta Description: [ Software for Mariner 10 TV experiment ]
The Voyage of Mariner 10 Mission to Venus and Mercury - NASA History Office presents an online book, with diagrams and photos, telling the detailed story of the Mariner 10 mission.