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- This article is about institutions as social mechanisms. Please see Organization for formal establishments.
Institutions are social structures and social mechanisms of social order and cooperation governing the behavior of two or more individuals. Institutions are identified with a social purpose and permanence, transcending individual human lives and intentions, and with the making and enforcing of rules governing cooperative human behavior. The term, institution, is commonly applied to customs and behavior patterns important to a society, as well as to particular formal organizations of government and public service. As structures and mechanisms of social order among humans, institutions are one of the principal objects of study in the social sciences, including sociology, political science and economics. Institutions are a central concern for law, the formal regime for political rule-making and enforcement. The creation and evolution of institutions is a primary topic for history.
Aspects of Institutions
Although individual, formal organizations, commonly identified as "institutions," may be deliberately and intentionally created by people, the development and functioning of institutions in society in general may be regarded as an instance of emergence; that is, institutions arise, develop and function in a pattern of social self-organization, which goes beyond the conscious intentions of the individual humans involved.
As mechanisms of social cooperation, institutions are manifest in both objectively real, formal organizations, such as the U.S. Congress, the Roman Catholic Church or the Bank of England, and, also, in informal social order and organization, reflecting human psychology, culture, habits and customs. Most important institutions, considered abstractly, have both objective and subjective aspects: examples include money and marriage. The institution of money encompasses many formal organizations, including banks and government treasury departments and stock exchanges, which may be termed, "institutions," as well as subjective experiences, which guide people in their pursuit of personal economic well-being and wealth. Powerful institutions are able to imbue a paper currency with certain value, and to induce millions into cooperative production and trade in pursuit of economic ends abstractly denominated in that currency's units. The subjective experience of money is so pervasive and persuasive that economists talk of the "money illusion" and try to disabuse their students of it, in preparation for learning economic analysis.
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Research Centers and Laboratories :: Academia
RT @Suborbi_Science: The Commercial Spaceflight Federation is now accepting memberships for universities & research institutions wanting ...
stratocumulus (stratocumulus) Sat, 02 Jan 2010 06:36:13 -0000
RT @Suborbi_Science: The Commercial Spaceflight Federation is now accepting memberships for universities & research institutions wanting ...
65% of Nigerian Educational Institutions are substandard: National Research Institute for Chemical Technology, .. http://bit.ly/8RH8wC
articlesmix (ArticlesMix) Fri, 01 Jan 2010 22:36:04 -0000
65% of Nigerian Educational Institutions are substandard: National Research Institute for Chemical Technology, .. http://bit.ly/8RH8wC
The Commercial Spaceflight Federation is now accepting memberships for universities & research institutions wanting to do suborbi research!
Suborbi_Science (Suborbi_Science) Thu, 31 Dec 2009 12:21:11 -0000
The Commercial Spaceflight Federation is now accepting memberships for universities & research institutions wanting to do suborbi research!
France has nearly 400 internationally renowned educational institutions for higher education and research http://tinyurl.com/yksy7k5
indiaeducation (indiaeducation) Thu, 31 Dec 2009 11:54:50 -0000
France has nearly 400 internationally renowned educational institutions for higher education and research http://tinyurl.com/yksy7k5
This is why it is oh so important ( Listen, Jay Leno), and why higher educational institutions teach us to research before we speak or write
katisreal1 (Kathy Taylor ) Thu, 31 Dec 2009 04:40:17 -0000
This is why it is oh so important ( Listen, Jay Leno), and why higher educational institutions teach us to research before we speak or write
My girlfriend is working on an excel spreadsheet with over 150 columns. Medical research institutions need to learn what real databases are.
NYMeatball (Jeremy) Thu, 31 Dec 2009 02:12:33 -0000
My girlfriend is working on an excel spreadsheet with over 150 columns. Medical research institutions need to learn what real databases are.
Institute for Molecular Manufacturing - Non-profit organisation founded to conduct research aimed at developing molecular manufacturing.
AMO GmbH - Committed to applied research in the area of micro-, nano- and opto-electronics to enable technologies and devices for emerging future applications in the area of communication, life and energy.
Meta Description: [ Your Partner in Nanofabrication, Test& Measurement & ASIC Verification; tailor-made products and focused R&D services ]
i3 Nanotec India Pvt. Ltd. - Nanotechnology Research and Development firm involved in nanomaterials designing using computational simulation techniques, nanomaterial synthesis, characterization, and applications development.
Meta Description: [ i3 Nanotec offers zeolite membrane based pervaporation, vapor permeation, and gas separation systems for organic-water, organic-organic, and gas-separation applications. ]
IBM Research Center - Undertakes modification of materials at atomic and nanometer scales and studies nano-electronic devices.
Meta Description: [ IBM Research Center's Nanoscience Group website. Outlines our work on Carbon nanotubes, nanoelectronics, and local oxidation using an AFM or STM tip ]
IBM Zurich Research Lab - Researchers of cantilever sensors, chemical AFM, MRI, Dynamic Force Microscopy, nanoscale integrated circuits and ultrathin magnetic structures.
Meta Description: [ IBM ZRL, Nanoscale science ]
Lab_Bell, Inc. - A research and development organisation involved in making electronics, biocaptures, anti-biotics by the use of nanotechnology.
Meta Description: [ Tests rapides, biocapteurs, appareil portable, lecture en luminescence, fluorescence, transmittance, colorimetrie, filtration, isolation, separation molecules bioactives, antibiotiques, pesticides, hormones, virus, toxines, toxicite de rejets agricoles, toxicite de rejets industriels ]
Mass Group of UIUC - Performs research in the fields of Microelectromechanical and Nanoelectromechanical Systems.
Meta Description: [ The MASS group performs applications research in Microelectromechanical Systems at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. ]
NanOp - Collaborative of academic and commercial institutions for the promotion of nanotechnology in Germany.
Nanotechnology Research Institute - A government research institute involved in the advancement of nanomaterials and device technology and their extension to industrially relevant technologies.
Meta Description: [ Nanotechnology Research Institute, NRI, a part of National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. A research unit in Nanometer science and technology., Nanotechnology Research Institute (NRI)is the core of the diverse nanotechnology activity in the National Institute of Advanced... ]
NAS Computational Molecular Nanotechnology - NASA's Research Center develops Ames' computational molecular nanotechnology, designs and computationally tests atomically precise electronic, mechanical and other components.
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory - Develops commercial products through application of nanoscience, nanoengineering and nanotechnology.
Meta Description: [ PNNL Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Initiative, web page. A resource to all in the area of Nanotechnology, science and engineering. ]
Paul-Drude-Institut - Performs materials research, solid state physics and nanotechnology on low-dimensional structures.
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Sandia National Labs - Performs nanotechnology researches in the field of chemistry, mechanics, optics and self-assembled monolayers.
Meta Description: [ Home page for nanoscience and technology at Sandia National Labs. ]
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