A navy is the branch of a country's military forces principally designated for naval warfare and amphibious warfare (marines) namely lake or ocean borne combat operations and related functions. It includes operations conducted by surface ships, amphibious ships, submarines, and seaborne aviation, as well as ancillary support, communications, training, and other fields; recent developments have included space related operations. The strategic offensive role of a Navy is projection of force into areas beyond a country's shores (for example, to protect sea-lanes, ferry troops, or attack other navies, ports, or shore installations). The strategic defensive purpose of a Navy is to frustrate sea-borne projection-of-force by enemies. The strategic task of the navy also may incorporate nuclear deterrence by use of nuclear missiles. This is not the case for every navy, however: some are just for defence such as Japan's navy, part of the JMSDF (Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force).

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Bellona report: The Russian Northern Fleet - Gives a continuously updated view of the situation in the Russian Northern Fleet and its nuclear reactors. [Banned in Russia]
Meta Description: [ Facts related to the operation of nuclear powered vessels and management of radioactive waste in the Northern Fleet. The online version of Bellona’s Northern Fleet report, co-authored by Aleksandr Nikitin, is also available. ]
Naval Studies Board - Under the National Academy of Sciences (U.S.), it has conducted studies ranging from design and operation of satellites, through C4I systems, stealth technology, atmospheric and subsurface sensors, ship, submarine and aircraft architecture, weapons development, pollution control, human factors, and education/training.
Meta Description: [ NSB, Naval Studies Board, Math, Physics, military, navy, Physical Sciences, marine, technology, naval, CPSMA, DEPS, navy issues, navy research, marine corps, USN, USMC ]
Office of Naval Research - Navy Science and Technology Ship Office - Responsibilities include the design, construction and testing of both small and large-scale vehicles and technical prototypes that embody advanced ship concepts.
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