Geotechnical engineering is concerned with the engineering properties of earth materials. Geotechnical engineers investigate the soil and bedrock below a site to determine their engineering properties and how they will interact with the proposed construction. The geotechnical engineer determines and designs the type of foundations, earthworks, and pavements required for the intended man-made structures to be built.

Geotechnical engineers design foundations for such structures as high-rise buildings, bridges, and medium to large commercial buildings but also work on smaller structures where the soil conditions do not allow code-based design. The foundations built for above-ground structures include shallow foundations (footings), deep foundations (driven piles and drilled piers), and retaining walls. Geotechnical engineers also design structures built in or of soil or rock, including tunnels, embankments, levees, earth dams, channels, reservoirs, and hazardous waste and sanitary landfills.

Geotechnical engineers also assess the risk to humans, property and the environment from natural hazards such as earthquakes, landslides, sinkholes, soil liquefaction, debris flows, and rock falls (all involving natural materials). Geotechnical engineering is also applicable to coastal and ocean engineering applications, such as construction of wharves, marinas, jetties, as well as foundation/anchor systems for offshore structures such as oil platforms.

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