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Thermodynamics (from the Greek thermos meaning heat and dynamis meaning power) is a branch of physics that studies the effects of changes in temperature, pressure, and volume on physical systems at the macroscopic scale by analyzing the collective motion of their particles using statistics. Roughly, heat means "energy in transit" and dynamics relates to "movement"; thus, in essence thermodynamics studies the movement of energy and how energy instills movement. Historically, thermodynamics developed out of the need to increase the efficiency of early steam engines.
Overview
The starting point for most thermodynamic considerations are the laws of thermodynamics, which postulate that energy can be exchanged between physical systems as heat or work. They also postulate the existence of a quantity named entropy, which can be defined for any system. In thermodynamics, interactions between large ensembles of objects are studied and categorized. Central to this are the concepts of system and surroundings. A system is composed of particles, whose average motions define its properties, which in turn are related to one another through equations of state. Properties can be combined to express internal energy and thermodynamic potentials are useful for determining conditions for equilibrium and spontaneous processes.
With these tools, thermodynamics describes how systems respond to changes in their surroundings. This can be applied to a wide variety of topics in science and engineering, such as engines, phase transitions, chemical reactions, transport phenomena, and even black holes. The results of thermodynamics are essential for other fields of physics and for chemistry, chemical engineering, cell biology, biomedical engineering, and materials science to name a few.
History
More on [ Thermodynamics ]
Physical :: Chemistry
Thermodynamics :: Physics
Separation :: Chemical Engineering
Energy :: Technology
Introduction To Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer http://cli.gs/NzD5P
ecampusnet (Campus Net) Mon, 14 Dec 2009 10:13:35 -0000
Introduction To Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer http://cli.gs/NzD5P
12/9-2nd Law and Thermodynamics and the 3 Methods of Heat Transfer discussed and demonstrated.
colonialsesci (Dave Martin) Thu, 10 Dec 2009 10:24:34 -0000
12/9-2nd Law and Thermodynamics and the 3 Methods of Heat Transfer discussed and demonstrated.
Introduction To Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer http://u.mavrev.com/0b1o5
ecampusnet (Campus Net) Wed, 09 Dec 2009 23:10:27 -0000
Introduction To Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer http://u.mavrev.com/0b1o5
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Prausnitz Group Home Page - The purpose of their research is to measure, simulate, interpret and correlate thermodynamic properties of a variety of mixtures as required for process and product design in the chemical and related industries, including biotechnology.
A Heat Transfer Textbook - written by John H. Lienhard IV and John H. Lienhard V. Available for downloading as a PDF file.
Meta Description: [ Download page for A Heat Transfer Textbook ]
Allied Chemical Technologies - Supplier of microcalorimeters, reaction calorimeters, and contract testing services to the scientific research community.
Applied Thermodynamic and Phase Equilibria - Research laboratory for phase equilibria at high pressures and applied thermodynamics for the chemical and process industry.
Meta Description: [ Research laboratory for phase equilibria at high pressures and applied thermodynamics for the chemical and process industry. ]
Aqueous Electrolyte Solution Thermodynamics - Phase diagrams of binary, ternary and quaternary aqueous solutions of salts and non-electrolytes. The basic thermodynamics related to these phase diagrams is explained. The application of a thermodynamic model to calculate phase diagrams and perform process simulations is described.
Meta Description: [ Aqueous electrolyte thermodynamics, phase diagrams, and process simulation/optimization for electrolyte mixtures ]
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Cantera - Cantera is an open-source, object-oriented software package for problems involving chemically-reacting flows. Application areas include research in combustion, chemical vapor deposition, propulsion, environmental studies, corrosion, and other fields of chemical, mechanical, and aerospace engineering
Combustion Basic - Basic information about burners, combustion and boilers efficiency.
Concise History of Thermodynamics - An overview of the history and the science of thermodynamics. A copy of Sadi Carnot's seminal paper; the foundation of the science of thermodynamics
Cooling Towers: Design and Operation Considerations - An article about the types, design, and operation of cooling towers, by Christopher M. A. Haslego.
Gibbs models - Visualization of thermodynamic fundamental and state functions using computer-generated drawings for pure, binary, and ternary fluid-phase systems.
Heat Conduction - A Java applet to deduce the cross-sectional profile of a heated conductive bar based on its temperature.
Heat Flux Articles - A number of articles describing heat flux measurement and its practical applications.
Heat Transfer Net - A very complete site about heat transfer. Many links (worldwide technical reviews, conferences, publishers) and documentations for teachers, students and specialists.
International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam - IAPWS is an international non-profit association of national organizations concerned with the properties of water and steam, particularly thermophysical properties and other aspects of high-temperature steam, water and aqueous mixtures that are relevant to thermal power cycles and other industrial applications
Meta Description: [ IAPWS is an international organization
concerned with the thermophysical properties of water and steam, particularly
those properties of high-temperature steam, water, and aqueous systems that
are relevant to thermal power cycles and other industrial applications. ]
International Journal of Thermal Sciences - Directory of the previous issues of the International Journal of Thermal Science - Revue Générale de Thermique and how to be published in this Journal. Links towards the others Elsevier sciences news and books.
IVC-SEP Research Group - Technical University of Denmark - The research group IVC-SEP at the Technical University of Denmark. The main topic of research is chemical thermodynamics relating to phase equilibria and separation processes
Meta Description: [ IVC-SEP Research Center, Phase Equilibria and Separation processes. Thermodynamic Models, Enhanced Oil Recovery, Gas Hydrates, Chromatography, Computer Algorithms ]
Micro Chemical and Thermal Systems - Pacific Northwest National laboratory,operated by Battelle, for the Department of Energy, is involved in the development of Micro Chemical and Thermal Systems, MICRO-CATS.
Meta Description: [ The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,
operated by Battelle, is a recognized leader in the development of MICRO-CATS for
a variety of applications. Wherever chemical reactions and heat are used, our
microsystems can give you important advantages. We invite you to browse our site
and... ]
Phase Diagrams for Poly Disperse Polymers - The worlds only multi phase flash for poly disperse polymers. All the commonly used thermodynamic models are implemented, and a wide range of property calculations can be done in a matter of seconds.
Meta Description: [ PVT properties and modelling of systems with and without polymers, using a wide range of thermodynamic models. ]
Superfluid Helium - A site with information on the production and properties of Superfluid Helium (He II).
Meta Description: [ A Site on the Properties of Superfluid (He II, Superfluid of Helium) ]
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TEST, The Expert System For Thermodynamics - A general-purpose visual tool for solving thermodynamic problems and performing 'what-if' scenarios.
Meta Description: [ Evaluate properties and analyze thermodynamic systems on line using smart calculators called daemons. Browse hundreds of animations to visualize thermodynamic systems. ]
Therminol - Therminol heat transfer medium : characteristics, ranges of temperature.
Meta Description: [ Therminol offers affordable, reliable heat transfer fluids for a variety of industries. Browse descriptions of our heat transfer products for thermal systems and recommendations for which heat transfer fluid is best for specific applications. ]
Thermodynamics Research Laboratory - Heavy organics characterization and deposition from petroleum fluids, arterial blockage and fouling in the petroleum and gas industries,...
Vapor and Liquid Phase Data - Thermophysical Properties of Fluid Systems
Virtual Laboratory: Thermodynamic Equilibrium - Online experiments using Java applets, demonstrating the diffusion process when gases are mixed. From the University of Oregon.
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