Gourt > Science > Software (1)
Computer software (or simply software) is the programs and procedures that enable a computer to perform a specific task, as opposed to the physical components of the system (hardware). This includes application software such as a word processor, which enables a user to perform a task, and system software such as an operating system, which enables other software to run properly, by interfacing with hardware and with other software.
The term "software" was first used in this sense by John W. Tukey in 1957. In computer science and software engineering, computer software is all information processed by computer systems, programs and data. The concept of reading different sequences of instructions into the memory of a device to control computations was invented by Charles Babbage as part of his difference engine. The theory that is the basis for most modern software was first proposed by Alan Turing in his 1935 essay Computable numbers with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem. Hally, Mike (2005:79). Electronic brains/Stories from the dawn of the computer age. British Broadcasting Corporation and Granta Books, London. ISBN 1-86-207663-4.
Relationship to hardware
Computer software is so called in contrast to computer hardware, which encompasses the physical interconnections and devices required to store and execute (or run) the software. In computers, software is loaded into RAM and executed in the central processing unit. At the lowest level, software consists of a machine language specific to an individual processor. A machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions (object code), which change the state of the computer from its preceding state. Software is an ordered sequence of instructions for changing the state of the computer hardware in a particular sequence. It is generally written in high-level programming languages that are easier and more efficient for humans to use (closer to natural language) than machine language. High-level languages are compiled or interpreted into machine language object code. Software may also be written in an assembly language, essentially, a mnemonic representation of a machine language using a natural language alphabet. Assembly language must be assembled into object code via an assembler. More on [ Computer software ]
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Software :: Computers
Science :: Educational
Pledge to protect Sumatran forest
Thu, 09 Oct 2008 18:04:29 -0000
Indonesia pledges to stop the loss of forests and species in Sumatra, one of the world's most ecologically important islands.
'Unbreakable' encryption unveiled
Thu, 09 Oct 2008 12:50:46 -0000
A computer network protected by unbreakable quantum encryption is launched in Vienna.
Fisheries waste 'costs billions'
Wed, 08 Oct 2008 21:41:54 -0000
The world's fishing fleets are losing billions of dollars each year through depleted stocks and poor management, a UN report says.
L.A. Times - Science
Three U.S.-based scientists share Nobel chemistry prize
Thu, 09 Oct 2008 00:00:00 -0700
Roger Y. Tsien of UC San Diego, Martin Chalfie of Columbia University and researcher Osamu Shimomura developed a fluorescent protein from jellyfish that allows researchers to trace cell molecules. A UC San Diego pharmacologist and two other U.S.-based scientists won the 2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry on Wednesday for their development of a green fluorescent protein from jellyfish that has provided researchers their first new window into the workings of the cell since the development of the microscope.
Scientists explore new source of stem cells
Thu, 09 Oct 2008 00:00:00 -0700
Using the testicular cells of adult men, researchers have grown muscle, nerve and other kinds of tissue. Scientists have converted cells from human testes into stem cells that grew into muscle, nerve cells and other kinds of tissue, according to a study published Wednesday in the online edition of Nature.
Dr. Ernest Beutler dies at 80; Scripps physician and researcher pioneered bone marrow transplants
Thu, 09 Oct 2008 00:00:00 -0700
Dr. Ernest Beutler, a Scripps Research Institute physician and researcher who was one of the country's leading experts on diseases of the blood and iron metabolism, died Sunday of lymphoma at Scripps Green Hospital in La Jolla. He was 80.
Reuters: Science News
Microscope shows first hours of developing embryo
Thu, 09 Oct 2008 14:45:06 -0400
LONDON (Reuters) - A new high-powered microscope has allowed scientists to watch a zebrafish develop from a single cell into an embryo with a beating heart, the first time this has been possible in vertebrates, researchers said on Thursday.
Volcano in lab may help predict real eruptions
Thu, 09 Oct 2008 14:04:56 -0400
LONDON (Reuters) - Scientists have recreated conditions found in an erupting volcano in the laboratory, offering a new way to understand and forecast future damaging eruptions.
Georgia villages "torched," satellite study shows
Thu, 09 Oct 2008 12:51:08 -0400
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Hundreds of houses in ethnic Georgian villages in South Ossetia were torched in August, after Russian troops took control of the area, according to an analysis of satellite images released on Thursday.
AP Top Science News At 3:47 p.m. EDT
Satellites collect data on sea temperatures, reefs
By BRIAN SKOLOFF Thu, 09 Oct 2008 19:07:49 -0000
WEST PALM BEACH, Fla. (AP) -- Satellites are helping scientists expand a virtual network to watch for increases in ocean temperatures that can damage or kill the fragile ecosystems of coral reefs worldwide....
Tropical species also threatened by climate change
By RANDOLPH E. SCHMID Thu, 09 Oct 2008 19:47:25 -0000
WASHINGTON (AP) -- If you can't stand global warming, get out of the tropics. While the most significant harm from climate change so far has been in the polar regions, tropical plants and animals may face an even greater threat, say scientists who studied conditions in Costa Rica....
Scientist warns cash woes 'devastating' to science
By JON GAMBRELL Thu, 09 Oct 2008 07:50:21 -0000
LITTLE ROCK, Ark. (AP) -- Famed scientist Richard Leakey warned that the worldwide credit crisis will be "just devastating" to scientific research in coming years, as endowment interest income drops and companies cut donations....
NOVA scienceNOW | PBS
NOVA scienceNOW: Phoenix Mars Lander
NOVA
NASA's latest robot has already found frozen water and is looking for more signs that the Red Planet could support life.
NOVA scienceNOW: Brain Trauma
NOVA
Even so-called "mild" head injuries turn out to be anything but.
NOVA scienceNOW: Mammoth Mystery
NOVA
A pair of mammoth skeletons is found locked together by their tusks. What happened?
Newsweek Technology Headlines
Blogging Like The World Depended On It
Wed, 08 Oct 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Transforming social networking into social change.
It’s Getting Crowded in Here
Fri, 12 Sep 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Online communities of curious amateurs represent the future of business, says a new book.
The Cloud's Chrome Lining
Tue, 02 Sep 2008 00:00:00 -0000
What Google's browser suggests about the way the search giant views the Web
Innovation
The evolution of theories of evolution
When a segment of a population splits off genetically and evolves into a new species, it typically happens because the group gets separated from the rest of its kind. But now, researchers say they have demonstrated that evolution from one species to another doesn’t always require geographical isolation between groups ...
Wanted: a Prius for the delivery industry
A Staples delivery van. A utility company bucket truck. An electrically assisted cargo tricycle. These aren’t the kinds of vehicles that leap to mind when we hear the phrase “hybrid vehicle.” But that’s changing. A huge chunk of greenhouse-gas and other harmful emissions spew out of the tailpipes of commercial vehicles. ...
Another: RFID smart card vulnerability exposed
Just two months after a judge barred a group of MIT students from disclosing vulnerabilities discovered in Boston's CharlieCard fare collection system, another group, this time from the Netherlands, has published instructions for cracking the cryptographic cypher used to secure the world's most popular transit system smart card. The Dutch team ...
Science News - UPI.com
Gravity lens used to study distant galaxy
Thu, 09 Oct 2008 15:50:50 -0400
PASADENA, Calif., Oct. 9 (UPI) -- U.S. and British scientists say they have completed the most detailed study yet of a galaxy in its first stages of development.
Former head of MIT math department dies
Thu, 09 Oct 2008 15:38:10 -0400
WASHINGTON, Oct. 9 (UPI) -- Ken Hoffman, a former head of the math department at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and author of a textbook on linear algebra, has died at 77.
Useless DNA found to resist deletion
Thu, 09 Oct 2008 15:33:13 -0400
STANFORD, Calif., Oct. 9 (UPI) -- U.S. researchers say they have discovered DNA that has no known function is much less likely than other DNA to be lost during evolution.
Scientific Web - Information about scientific software, the addresses of producers and distributors, tips and tricks, product announcements, lists of available books, links to other internet servers of interest, links to user groups and mailing lists, and test reports of users.
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Australian Scientific Software - Comercial software a economical rates
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Calerga - Home page of SysQuake, powerful software for scientific visualisation. Through innovative use of interactive graphics, SysQuake reveals insights into complex mathematical systems.
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Cite Wise - Manufacturers of Endnote, a tool for bibliographic and scientific reference organization and citation.
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Clemex Technologies Inc. - Provides digital imaging solutions for the acquisition, archiving, and analysis of images used in quality control and research laboratories.
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CoHort Software - CoHort Software creates graphics and statistics software for scientists and engineers. CoPlot is an extremely versatile program for creating publication-quality scientific graphs, maps, and technical drawings. CoStat is an easy-to-use program for data manipulation and statistics.
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Energy Science and Technology Software Center - The ESTSC is the U.S. Department of Energy's central repository and distribution point for Federally funded software dealing with all forms of energy, energy conservation, waste management, mathematics, and a myriad of other topics.
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eXY, Data Analysis and XY Plot Package - Shareware Windows application. Capabilities include Least-squares, Akima and Cubic spline interpolation. Creative freedom with page layouts allows shared/multiple plot axis, dimensioning and inclusion of pictures/logos.
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Field Precision - Finite-element software for electromagnetics, bioengineering, and shock hydrodynamics
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Genamics SoftwareSeek - A fully searchable database of more than 1200 free and commercial software packages for science.
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GNU Scientific Library - The GNU Scientific Library (GSL) is a numerical library for C and C++ programmers. It is free software under the GNU General Public License.
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Hearne Scientific Software - Caters mainly to scientists, engineers and researchers.
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Henry Thorson Consulting - Customized scientific computer applications on Unix and Windows platforms and distributed systems. Bothell, Washington, USA
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Hoare Research Software Ltd. - We are New Zealand's supplier for the world's best technical business, statistics, mathematics, engineering and scientific software for your needs: including MATLAB, SPSS, Mathematica, Mathcad, and SigmaPlot.
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HVLCOM Software - Free Software WinRoot, Nonlinear System Equation Roots Solver, Serial Terminal for buffalo, a FREE 68HC11 Simulator.
Inspiration Software - Strategic Transitions Inc. - Inspiration Software- a graphic organizer ideal for both education and business diagramming , concept mapping and process mapping.
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Linux Software Encyclopedia - Scientific and other software for Linux.
Matrox Imaging: Scientific and Industrial Imaging - Designer and manufacturer of PC-based hardware and software for machine vision, image analysis, medical imaging and video surveillance.
Meta Description: [ Designer/manufacturer of PC-based hardware/software for machine vision, image analysis, medical imaging. Products include frame grabbers, vision processors, imaging platforms, software. ]
Media Cybernetics Image Analysis Software - Makers of industry standard Windows and Mac image analysis software including Image-Pro Plus and Gel-Pro Analyzer.
Meta Description: [ MediaCybernetics, the leading scientific image analysis software provider, develops digital image processing solutions to extract knowledge from and manage image databases. Products include world-renowned image analysis software, enterprise image database software and imaging development toolkits. ]
Multidisciplinary Software Systems Research Corporation - Custom science, engineering, and mathematical software for business, academia, research, and government.
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Neyer Software - Sensitivity test and analysis software for Windows platforms. Also includes descriptions of the algorithms used and a glossary.
Meta Description: [ Home page of Neyer Software, provider of Efficient Sensitivity Test and Analysis Software ]
Noesys - General purpose software for visualizing a variety of scientific data as surfaces. [Win9x/NT, Power Mac]
Northern Lights Software Associates - Nova for Windows tracks an unlimited number of satellites in real time.
Meta Description: [ Nova for Windows is an innovative real-time satellite tracking program. Nova includes realistic maps, unlimited satellites, observers, views, plus auto-tracking of antennas. ]
Perfectly Scientific, Inc. - the scientific algorithm company. Experts in compression, wavelets, FFT, general transforms, color graphics, Monte Carlo, fractals, convolution,signal processing, matrix algebra, genetic algorithms, number theory.
PhotoModeler - photogrammetric software - PhotoModeler Pro is a Windows program that extract measurements and 3D models from photographs
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fremstilling af fotorealistiske 3D modeller. Download gratis Lite version. ]
Purebits Homepage - Professional Audio Software - Home of Sample Champion, a real-time software tool designed for high precision acoustic measurements.
Meta Description: [ Sample Champion is a software Spectrum analyzer, a Frequency generator and an Acoustical engineering design tool. It can be used in Acoustics, in Speaker design, as Distortion Analyzer, as Oscilloscope and much more.. ]
ScanIt - ScanIt is a utility for obtaining numerical data from a scanned or bitmapped graph. Features: an intuitive interface for defining axes, a snap function, automated tracing curves and symbols. Program demo, download and online help.
Scientific Computing - The use of modern computer science techniques is rapidly becoming an accepted and invaluable component of nearly all facets of basic and applied research. This forum will address many of the exciting issues in this growing field.
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Scientific Image Processing - Pixlock develops and distributes 'Exbem', a software for scientific image processing and analysis, for Apple Macintosh.
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Scientific Imaging Software, Systems and Solutions - Noesis offers a family of 2D and 3D imaging software and systems to extract quantitative information from a wide range of scientific images. Windows 95, NT 4.0, 2000.
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Scientific Software - Choose from thousands of scientific, academic and laboratory software programs.
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Scientific Volume Imaging - Deconvolution and visualization software for microscopy, available on Windows, Mac, Irix and Linux.
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SciMetrics - Provides the SciFit program for scientific data analysis, as well as consulting services.
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Sciproof - Software for the preparation and editing of scientific manuscripts.
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SigmaPlot - Graphing software for scientists. Product details, demonstration for download, and online purchasing.
Soft Analytics Home Page - Low-cost simulation software for engineering and science. Analysis and design consulting for communication systems.
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Software for Science Initiative - Information, links and interactive on-line processing services for scientists, developers and users of scientific (particularly, imaging) software.
Startek Technology - Custom software solutions for mechanical, electrical and chemical engineering applications, including instrument interface and communications. Boronia, Victoria, Australia.
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Summit Research Services - Pharmacokinetics and metabolism software and services for research and education.
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SYTEK Canada - SYTEK Canada specialises in developing custom scientific applications.
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United Devices, Inc. - Headquartered in Austin, Texas, is a technology company that develops the infrastructure required to aggregate unused computing resources on the Internet.
Multidisciplinary Software Systems Research Corporation - Custom science, engineering, and mathematical software for business, academia, research, and government.
Meta Description: [ computer consultants, mathematical software ]
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