Gourt > Science > Science in Society > Research Ethics > Guidelines and Codes
In communications, a code is a rule for converting a piece of information (for example, a letter, word, or phrase) into another form or representation, not necessarily of the same type. In communications and information processing, encoding is the process by which a source (object) performs this conversion of information into data, which is then sent to a receiver (observer), such as a data processing system. Decoding is the reverse process of converting data, which has been sent by a source, into information understandable by a receiver. (see Decoding methods) A codec is an implementation of that rule (or algorithm) for coding and decoding, for example MP3, which may be a hardware implementation or a software implementation, and which may include compression.
One reason for coding is to enable communication in places where ordinary spoken or written language is difficult or impossible. For example, a cable code replaces words (e.g., ship or invoice) into shorter words, allowing the same information to be sent with fewer characters, more quickly, and most important, less expensively. Another example is the use of semaphore flags, where the configuration of flags held by a signaller or the arms of a semaphore tower encodes parts of the message, typically individual letters and numbers. Another person standing a great distance away can interpret the flags and reproduce the words sent.
In the history of cryptography, codes were once common for ensuring the confidentiality of communications, although ciphers are now used instead. See code (cryptography).
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RT @GREATMOOLA: SEX DRUGS MONEY AND MURDER ALL DAY THERES RULES N GUIDELINES AND CODES WE OBEY---->REAL TALK MY NIGGA
A Brief Guide to the NSF's Policies and Procedures on Misconduct in Science and Engineering - Short brochure-length document in PDF format.
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AAUP - Statement on Professional Ethics - From the American Association of University Professors.
ACS Ethical Guidelines - Relevant to chemists publishing in American Chemical Society journals, with sections for editors, authors, reviewers, and scientists publishing outside of the scientific literature as well.
Meta Description: [ ACS Publications is the leading publisher of peer-reviewed research in the chemical and related sciences, serving scientific communities worldwide. ]
AMS Ethical Guidelines - To help in the preservation of that atmosphere of mutual trust and ethical behavior required for science to prosper. From the American Mathematical Society.
APS Guidelines for Professional Conduct - Research ethics statement and guidelines from the American Physical Society
Meta Description: [ APS Current Statements 02.2 APS Guidelines for Professional Conduct ]
ASA Code of Ethics - General principles and ethical standards for professional sociologists, from the American Sociological Association.
Meta Description: [ The American Sociological Association, founded in 1905, is a non-profit membership association dedicated to serving sociologists in their work, advancing sociology as a science and profession, and promoting the contributions and use of sociology to society. ]
ASCE Code of Ethics - Includes the text of the ethics code as well as the enforcement and educational plans from the American Society of Civil Engineers.
Meta Description: [ American Society of Civil Engineers ]
ASME Society Policy: Ethics - Policy statement of the Board on Professional Practice and Ethics of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, relevant to professional practice and publication. [Adobe Acrobat pdf file]
Meta Description: [ A Complete listing of ASME's Policies including a PDF and MS Word version of each. ]
Association of American Universities - Research Issues - Several topics are covered, including conflicts of interest, research integrity and misconduct, and research data disclosure.
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Chemist's Code of Conduct - Adopted by the American Chemical Society in June of 1994, this short document replaces the Chemist's Creed as the official principles of conduct for professional chemists.
Ecological Society of America Code of Ethics - Guidelines for research and publication.
Handling Allegations of Research Misconduct - American Physical Society statement recommending policies for ethics cases.
Meta Description: [ APS Current Statements 02.3 Statement on Policies for Handling Allegations of Research Misconduct ]
IEE Rules of Conduct - Institution of Electrical Engineers rules for the ethical conduct of their members.
Statement on Treatment of Subordinates - From the American Physical Society
Meta Description: [ Statement on Treatment of Subordinates ]
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