A thought experiment (from the German term Gedankenexperiment, coined by Hans Christian Ørsted) in the broadest sense is the use of an imagined scenario to help us understand the way things really are. The understanding comes through reflection on the situation. Thought experiment methodology is a priori, rather than empirical, in that it does not proceed by observation or physical experiment.
Thought experiments are well-structured hypothetical questions that employ "What if?" reasoning (see irrealis moods).
Thought experiments have been used in philosophy, physics, and other fields. They have been used to pose questions in philosophy at least since Greek antiquity, some pre-dating Socrates. In physics and other sciences many famous thought experiments date from the 19th and especially the 20th Century, but examples can be found at least as early as Galileo.
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Interpretations :: Quantum Mechanics

Bell's Theorem - Another description of Bell's Solution to the EPR Paradoxon.
Bell's Theorem - An overview of Bell's Theorem and its applications in quantum mechanics.
Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Experiment - A simple overview of the EPR thought experiment which was thought to contradict Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
EPR Paradox - Another site describing the EPR Paradox.
Schroedinger's Cation - Physicists prove that an atom can be in two different places at once.
Meta Description: [ Science and Technology at Scientific American.com: Schroedinger's Cation -- Science and Technology from Scientific American: daily science news and technology news, science trivia, science experts, science newsletters, science shop, science books and more ]
The EPR Experiment - A somewhat technical review of the EPR paradox and the Aspect experiment which was designed to test it.
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