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- This article is about the ionized gas. See also the disambiguation page "plasma" for other uses and meanings
In physics and chemistry, a plasma is typically an ionized gas, and is usually considered to be a distinct phase of matter in contrast to solids, liquids, and gases because of its unique properties. "Ionized" means that at least one electron has been dissociated from a proportion of the atoms or molecules. The free electric charges make the plasma electrically conductive so that it responds strongly to electromagnetic fields.
This fourth state of matter was first identified in a discharge tube (or Crookes tube), and so described by Sir William Crookes in 1879 (he called it "radiant matter")Crookes presented a lecture to the British Association for the Advancement of Science, in Sheffield, on Friday, 22nd August 1879 Crookes tube "cathode ray" matter was subsequently identified by English physicist Sir J.J. Thomson in 1897Announced in his evening lecture to the Royal Institution on Friday, 30th April 1897, and published in Philosophical Magazine, 44, 293 *," target="_blank" >and dubbed "plasma" by Irving Langmuir in 1928 I. Langmuir, "[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1929PhRv...33..195T&db_key=PHY&data_type=HTML&format=&high=42ca922c9c29098 Oscillations in ionized gases," Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S., vol. 14, p. 628, 1928, perhaps because it reminded him of a blood plasma G. L. Rogoff, Ed., IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, vol. 19, p. 989, Dec. 1991. See extract at http://www.plasmacoalition.org/what.htm. Langmuir wrote:
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Obliquely propagating cnoidal waves in a magnetized dusty plasma with variable dust charge
L. L. Yadav and V. K. Sayal We have studied obliquely propagating dust-acoustic nonlinear periodic waves, namely, dust-acoustic cnoidal waves, in a magnetized dusty plasma consisting of electrons, ions, and dust grains with variable dust charge. Using reductive perturbation method and appropriate boundary conditions for nonlin ... [Phys. Plasmas 16, 113703 (2009)] published Thu Nov 5, 2009.
Transport of energy by ultraintense laser-generated electrons in nail-wire targets
T. Ma, M. H. Key, R. J. Mason, K. U. Akli, R. L. Daskalova et al. Nail-wire targets (20 [mu]m diameter copper wires with 80 [mu]m hemispherical head) were used to investigate energy transport by relativistic fast electrons generated in intense laser-plasma interactions. The targets were irradiated using the 300 J, 1 ps, and 2 x 10 Wcm Vulcan laser at the Ruther ... [Phys. Plasmas 16, 112702 (2009)] published Wed Nov 4, 2009.
Dust negative ion acoustic shock waves in a dusty multi-ion plasma with positive dust charging current
S. S. Duha Recent analysis of Mamun et al. [ Phys. Lett. A 373, 2355 (2009)], who considered electrons, light positive ions, heavy negative ions, and extremely massive (few micron size) charge fluctuating dust, has been extended by positive dust charging current, i.e., considering the charging currents for po ... [Phys. Plasmas 16, 113701 (2009)] published Wed Nov 4, 2009.
Technique for analysis of interparticle interaction in nonideal dissipative systems with isotropic pair potentials
O. S. Vaulina and E. A. Lisin A new technique for determining interaction forces between the particles in nonideal dissipative systems with isotropic pair potentials is presented. This technique is based on solving of the inverse problem describing movement of dust particles by a system of Langevin equations. Numerical simulatio ... [Phys. Plasmas 16, 113702 (2009)] published Wed Nov 4, 2009.
Linearized model collision operators for multiple ion species plasmas and gyrokinetic entropy balance equations
H. Sugama, T.-H. Watanabe, and M. Nunami Linearized model collision operators for multiple ion species plasmas are presented that conserve particles, momentum, and energy and satisfy adjointness relations and Boltzmann's H-theorem even for collisions between different particle species with unequal temperatures. The model collision operator ... [Phys. Plasmas 16, 112503 (2009)] published Wed Nov 4, 2009.
Enhancement of backward Raman scattering by electron-ion collisions
Z. J. Liu, Shao-ping Zhu, L. H. Cao, C. Y. Zheng, X. T. He et al. The propagation of light waves in an underdense plasma is studied using one-dimensional VlasovMaxwell numerical simulation. It is found that the backward stimulated Raman scattering will be enhanced by electron-ion collisions. With appropriate electron-ion collision rate the Langmuir waves, driven v ... [Phys. Plasmas 16, 112703 (2009)] published Wed Nov 4, 2009.
Perspectives on Plasmas - Comprehensive and educational coverage of plasma science and technology with site links worldwide.
Meta Description: [ Comprehensive coverage of all plasma science and technology
with site links worldwide; basic plasma physics, space physics, plasma astrophysics, magnetic
confinement fusion, high energy density physics, inertial confinement fusion, magnetic fusion
energy, pulsed power, accelerators, plasma techno... ]
Coalition for Plasma Science - A group of institutions, organizations, and companies joining forces to increase awareness and understanding of plasma science and its many applications and benefits for society.
Meta Description: [ The Coalition for Plasma Science is dedicated to increasing public awareness and understanding of plasma science and its many applications and benefits for society. ]
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Info from Hurtigs Laboratory - Provides links and material that can be of interest to students and other plasma physicists.
MATLAB Instruction Modules for Introductory Plasma Physics - Modules to teach single particle motion, dispersion relation, particle simulation and ray-tracing.
NRL Plasma Formulary - Revised Edition. The NRL Plasma Formulary has been the handbook of plasma physicists for the past 20 years. It is available in PostScript, PDF, and TeX formats.
Plasma and Fusion Glossary - Frequently used terms in plasmas physics and fusion energy research.
Plasma Everywhere - Introduction on plasmas from NASA. Plasmosphere surrounding our world.
Meta Description: [ NASA Web site featuring headlines on recent Earth climate research at Marshall Space Flight Center. Read about the latest developments in climate science, lightning studies and other related fields. ]
Plasma on the Internet - Plasma-gate. Lists of Plasma Physics servers on the internet. (From WIS Institute).
Plasma Physics and Nuclear Fusion Experiments - List of web sites describing experiments world-wide to study the physics of nuclear fusion by magnetic confinement.
Plasma Physics Research Center - Plasma Physics Research Center Tehran-Iran
Plasma Simulation Projects - Projects on numerical plasma simulation, including HPEM code, Monte Carlo Module, and Feature Profile Model, developed at the Computational Optical and Discharge Physics Group, University of Illinois.
Plasma TV Science - Guide to plasma science used within the plasma television technology. Includes educational resources and links to related information.
Meta Description: [ Learn about the science behind Plasma TV and Television Technology ]
Theoretical Principles of Plasma Physics and Atomic Physics - Essential facts and formulae.
Meta Description: [ Essential Facts and Formulae ]
Who is Who in Atomic and Plasma Physics (WWAPP) - Database from Plasma Laboratory at Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel.
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