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- This article is about the ionized gas. See also the disambiguation page "plasma" for other uses and meanings
In physics and chemistry, a plasma is typically an ionized gas, and is usually considered to be a distinct phase of matter in contrast to solids, liquids, and gases because of its unique properties. "Ionized" means that at least one electron has been dissociated from a proportion of the atoms or molecules. The free electric charges make the plasma electrically conductive so that it responds strongly to electromagnetic fields.
This fourth state of matter was first identified in a discharge tube (or Crookes tube), and so described by Sir William Crookes in 1879 (he called it "radiant matter")Crookes presented a lecture to the British Association for the Advancement of Science, in Sheffield, on Friday, 22nd August 1879 Crookes tube "cathode ray" matter was subsequently identified by English physicist Sir J.J. Thomson in 1897Announced in his evening lecture to the Royal Institution on Friday, 30th April 1897, and published in Philosophical Magazine, 44, 293 *," target="_blank" >and dubbed "plasma" by Irving Langmuir in 1928 I. Langmuir, "[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1929PhRv...33..195T&db_key=PHY&data_type=HTML&format=&high=42ca922c9c29098 Oscillations in ionized gases," Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S., vol. 14, p. 628, 1928, perhaps because it reminded him of a blood plasma G. L. Rogoff, Ed., IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, vol. 19, p. 989, Dec. 1991. See extract at http://www.plasmacoalition.org/what.htm. Langmuir wrote:
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Study of plasma heating induced by fast electrons
A. Morace, A. Magunov, D. Batani, R. Redaelli, C. Fourment et al. We studied the induced plasma heating in three different kinds of targets: mass limited, foam targets, and large mass targets. The experiment was performed at Alise Laser Facility of CEA/CESTA. The laser system emitted a ~1 ps pulse with ~10 J energy at a wavelength of ~1 [mu]m. Mass limited targ ... [Phys. Plasmas 16, 122701 (2009)] published Fri Dec 18, 2009.
Customizing electron confinement in plasma-assembled Si/AlN nanodots for solar cell applications
S. Y. Huang, A. Das Arulsamy, M. Xu, S. Xu, U. Cvelbar et al. Size-uniform Si nanodots (NDs) are synthesized on an AlN buffer layer at low Si(111) substrate temperatures using inductively coupled plasma-assisted magnetron sputtering deposition. High-resolution electron microscopy reveals that the sizes of the Si NDs range from 9 to 30 nm. Room-temperature phot ... [Phys. Plasmas 16, 123504 (2009)] published Thu Dec 17, 2009.
Solitary kinetic Alfven waves in adiabatic process
Lihui Chai and Yi Li Solitary kinetic Alfven waves (SKAWs) have been an important subject in the field of space plasma physics because of their nonzero parallel electrical field and density fluctuations. Under different thermodynamic processes, SKAWs, within the limit of small amplitude, are studied analytically and num ... [Phys. Plasmas 16, 122309 (2009)] published Thu Dec 17, 2009.
On the stability of obliquely propagating dust ion-acoustic solitary waves in hot adiabatic magnetized dusty plasmas
M. Shalaby, S. K. EL-Labany, E. F. EL-Shamy, W. F. El-Taibany, and M. A. Khaled Obliquely propagating dust ion acoustic solitary waves (DIASWs) are investigated in hot adiabatic magnetized dusty plasmas consisting of hot adiabatic inertial ions, hot adiabatic inertialess electrons, and negatively/positively charged static dust grains. Using a reductive perturbation method, a no ... [Phys. Plasmas 16, 123706 (2009)] published Wed Dec 16, 2009.
Theory for two dimensional electron emission between parallel flat electrodes
Rafael Torres-Cordoba The electron emission in space charge is limited for the case of a planar cathode; such emission is generated by using an approximation that models electric field formation by a dipole, which generates an oscillatory symmetrical density current j(x), minimum value is moved around the origin and calc ... [Phys. Plasmas 16, 123106 (2009)] published Wed Dec 16, 2009.
Dressed solitons in quantum electron-positron-ion plasmas
Prasanta Chatterjee, Kaushik Roy, Ganesh Mondal, S. V. Muniandy, S. L. Yap et al. Nonlinear propagation of quantum ion acoustic waves in a dense quantum plasma whose constituents are electrons, positrons, and positive ions is investigated using a quantum hydrodynamic model. The Kortewegde Vries equation is derived using reductive perturbation technique. The higher order inhomogen ... [Phys. Plasmas 16, 122112 (2009)] published Mon Dec 14, 2009.
Perspectives on Plasmas - Comprehensive and educational coverage of plasma science and technology with site links worldwide.
Meta Description: [ Comprehensive coverage of all plasma science and technology
with site links worldwide; basic plasma physics, space physics, plasma astrophysics, magnetic
confinement fusion, high energy density physics, inertial confinement fusion, magnetic fusion
energy, pulsed power, accelerators, plasma techno... ]
Coalition for Plasma Science - A group of institutions, organizations, and companies joining forces to increase awareness and understanding of plasma science and its many applications and benefits for society.
Meta Description: [ The Coalition for Plasma Science is dedicated to increasing public awareness and understanding of plasma science and its many applications and benefits for society. ]
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Info from Hurtigs Laboratory - Provides links and material that can be of interest to students and other plasma physicists.
MATLAB Instruction Modules for Introductory Plasma Physics - Modules to teach single particle motion, dispersion relation, particle simulation and ray-tracing.
NRL Plasma Formulary - Revised Edition. The NRL Plasma Formulary has been the handbook of plasma physicists for the past 20 years. It is available in PostScript, PDF, and TeX formats.
Plasma and Fusion Glossary - Frequently used terms in plasmas physics and fusion energy research.
Plasma Everywhere - Introduction on plasmas from NASA. Plasmosphere surrounding our world.
Meta Description: [ NASA Web site featuring headlines on recent Earth climate research at Marshall Space Flight Center. Read about the latest developments in climate science, lightning studies and other related fields. ]
Plasma on the Internet - Plasma-gate. Lists of Plasma Physics servers on the internet. (From WIS Institute).
Plasma Physics and Nuclear Fusion Experiments - List of web sites describing experiments world-wide to study the physics of nuclear fusion by magnetic confinement.
Plasma Physics Research Center - Plasma Physics Research Center Tehran-Iran
Plasma Simulation Projects - Projects on numerical plasma simulation, including HPEM code, Monte Carlo Module, and Feature Profile Model, developed at the Computational Optical and Discharge Physics Group, University of Illinois.
Plasma TV Science - Guide to plasma science used within the plasma television technology. Includes educational resources and links to related information.
Meta Description: [ Learn about the science behind Plasma TV and Television Technology ]
Theoretical Principles of Plasma Physics and Atomic Physics - Essential facts and formulae.
Meta Description: [ Essential Facts and Formulae ]
Who is Who in Atomic and Plasma Physics (WWAPP) - Database from Plasma Laboratory at Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel.
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