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Photonic crystals are periodic dielectric or metallo-dielectric (nano)structures that are designed to affect the propagation of electromagnetic waves (EM) in the same way as the periodic potential in a semiconductor crystal affects the electron motion by defining allowed and forbidden electronic energy bands. The absence of allowed propagating EM modes inside the structures, in a range of wavelengths called a photonic band gap, gives rise to distinct optical phenomena such as inhibition of spontaneous emission, high-reflecting omnidirectional mirrors and low-loss-waveguiding among others.
Since the basic physical phenomenon is based on diffraction, the periodicity of the photonic crystal structure has to be in the same length-scale as half the wavelength of the EM waves i.e. ~300 nm for photonic crystals operating in the visible part of the spectrum. This makes the synthesis cumbersome and complex. To circumvent nanotechnological methods with their big and complex machinery, different approaches have been followed to grow photonic crystals as self-assembled structures from colloidal crystals.
A prominent example of a photonic crystal is the naturally occurring gemstone opal. Its play of colours is essentially a photonic crystal phenomenon based on Bragg diffraction of light on the crystal's lattice planes. Another well-known photonic crystal is found on the wings of some butterflies such as those of genus Morpho.
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Devices Group - Photonic bandgap optical fiber research at MIT
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GES: Photonic Band Gap Materials - Condensed matter theory group at National Center for Scientific Research, France.
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LC photonics - Reference bibliography for papers on photonic properties of chiral liquid crystals
PECS-IV: International Workshop on Photonic and Electromagnetic Crystal Structures - Institute for Pure and Applied Mathematics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA; 28--31 October 2002.
Photonic and Sonic Band Gap Bibliography - Reference bibliography for papers on optical and acoustic photonic band gaps.
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Photonic Band Gap Materials - Andrew L. Reynolds photonic crystal web site download Translight a freeware TMM software for analysing periodic materials.
Photonic Band Links - Extensive, organized directory.
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Photonic Crystal Research - Group at MIT.
Photonics and Photonic Materials Group - Research in the Optoelectronics group at the University of Bath.
Photonics group, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland - Gives details on the research, development and publications on photonics crystal structures by the Faculty of Microsystems Electronics and Photonics, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland.
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The Photonic Band Gap - Research group, part of condensed matter physics, Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University.
Wave Crystal Group - Classical waves crystals, photonic crystals, sonic crystals, opals; Madrid, Spain.
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