Gourt > Science > Physics > Astrophysics > Institutions
- This article is about institutions as social mechanisms. Please see Organization for formal establishments.
Institutions are social structures and social mechanisms of social order and cooperation governing the behavior of two or more individuals. Institutions are identified with a social purpose and permanence, transcending individual human lives and intentions, and with the making and enforcing of rules governing cooperative human behavior. The term, institution, is commonly applied to customs and behavior patterns important to a society, as well as to particular formal organizations of government and public service. As structures and mechanisms of social order among humans, institutions are one of the principal objects of study in the social sciences, including sociology, political science and economics. Institutions are a central concern for law, the formal regime for political rule-making and enforcement. The creation and evolution of institutions is a primary topic for history.
Aspects of Institutions
Although individual, formal organizations, commonly identified as "institutions," may be deliberately and intentionally created by people, the development and functioning of institutions in society in general may be regarded as an instance of emergence; that is, institutions arise, develop and function in a pattern of social self-organization, which goes beyond the conscious intentions of the individual humans involved.
As mechanisms of social cooperation, institutions are manifest in both objectively real, formal organizations, such as the U.S. Congress, the Roman Catholic Church or the Bank of England, and, also, in informal social order and organization, reflecting human psychology, culture, habits and customs. Most important institutions, considered abstractly, have both objective and subjective aspects: examples include money and marriage. The institution of money encompasses many formal organizations, including banks and government treasury departments and stock exchanges, which may be termed, "institutions," as well as subjective experiences, which guide people in their pursuit of personal economic well-being and wealth. Powerful institutions are able to imbue a paper currency with certain value, and to induce millions into cooperative production and trade in pursuit of economic ends abstractly denominated in that currency's units. The subjective experience of money is so pervasive and persuasive that economists talk of the "money illusion" and try to disabuse their students of it, in preparation for learning economic analysis.
More on [ Institution ]
all educational institutions should have 3 idiots in their curriculum....a must watch for the entire family....
askanoria (Anant Kanoria) Fri, 25 Dec 2009 09:43:06 -0000
all educational institutions should have 3 idiots in their curriculum....a must watch for the entire family....
When You Should Avoid A Home Improvement Loan: A lot of financial websites and lending institutions are tryin.. http://bit.ly/4RuZYD
pimen12 (Firman Tauchid) Fri, 25 Dec 2009 09:24:07 -0000
When You Should Avoid A Home Improvement Loan: A lot of financial websites and lending institutions are tryin.. http://bit.ly/4RuZYD
GhanaNewsFeed ACCRA, Ghana - Mind Freedom Ghana, a civil society group, has called on human rights institutions and... http://bit.ly/78SBvx
GhanaNewsFeed (Ghana News) Fri, 25 Dec 2009 08:50:20 -0000
GhanaNewsFeed ACCRA, Ghana - Mind Freedom Ghana, a civil society group, has called on human rights institutions and... http://bit.ly/78SBvx
we have seen that the institutions in the world weren't able to bring th... (YouTube http://youtu.be/XuAEzX9lnGc?a)
Martijnat (Martijn de Graaf) Fri, 25 Dec 2009 08:50:06 -0000
we have seen that the institutions in the world weren't able to bring th... (YouTube http://youtu.be/XuAEzX9lnGc?a)
Not always in agreement with boycott on the middle east issue. But academic institutions are waking up to injustices. http://bit.ly/7jChHI
ekoss (ekoss) Fri, 25 Dec 2009 08:44:39 -0000
Not always in agreement with boycott on the middle east issue. But academic institutions are waking up to injustices. http://bit.ly/7jChHI
I don't think any taxpayer would be generous enough to pay for the mistakes of multi-billion private financial institutions.
freemindonline (freemindonline) Fri, 25 Dec 2009 07:40:02 -0000
I don't think any taxpayer would be generous enough to pay for the mistakes of multi-billion private financial institutions.
Harvard College Observatory - Research observatory for astronomy and astrophysics. Founded in 1839.
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics - Collaboration between Harvard College Observatory and the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
Meta Description: [ The Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysic
s (CfA) is the world's largest and most diverse center for the study of the Universe, comprising the astronomy and astrophysics programs of two renowned scientific institutions: the Smithsonian Institution and Harvard University. ]
Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics - One of the main centers for exploration of astrophysics in Oslo, Norway.
500
Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, Bologna - Research projects: observations in the microwave, infrared, optical, X-ray and gamma ray energy bands, and observations of cosmic rays.
Meta Description: [ IASF is a non-profit state-funded
research institute whose activities are mainly devoted to astronomy and
astrophysics. The main research projects of our institute are
observations in the microwaves, infrared, optical, X-ray and gamma ray
energy bands, observations of cosmic rays, interpretation ... ]
Joint Center for Astrophysics - Collaboration between the Laboratory for High-Energy Astrophysics and the University of Maryland - Baltimore County.
500
Laboratory for High-Energy Astrophysics - Scientists at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center laboratory for high-energy astrophysics study some of the most extreme phenomena in the Universe.
Max-Planck-Institut fuer Astrophysik, Garching - Prominent research institution in astrophysics.
Meta Description: [ The Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics performs research in the areas of cosmology, stellar evolution, hydrodynamics, high energy astrophysics, astro-particle physics ]
Mullard Space Science Observatory - Mullard Space Science Laboratory of the University College London. Research and postgraduate teaching in astrophysics, solar physics, plasma physics, climate physics, and detector physics.
Meta Description: [ * ]
National Astrophysics and Space Science Programme - A joint venture of various South African universities, open to students from all over Africa.
Meta Description: [ National Astrophysics and Space Science Programme ]
500
Oxford Theoretical Astrophysics - Research into mathematical modelling and numerical simulation of stars and stellar atmospheres, the solar system, our Galaxy and other galaxies and the structure of the universe.
Meta Description: [ Guide to theoretical astrophysics and research being done at Oxford University ]
Rice University - Department of Space Physics and Astronomy.
Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory - Astrophysical research facility located in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Meta Description: [ The Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysic
s (CfA) is the world's largest and most diverse center for the study of the Universe, comprising the astronomy and astrophysics programs of two renowned scientific institutions: the Smithsonian Institution and Harvard University. ]
Theoretical Astrophysics Center in Copenhagen - Research center in Denmark on the structure of space, galaxies, and stars.
University of Cambridge - Cavendish Laboratory - Astrophysics Group - A wide-ranging program of research, including the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory, situated at Lord's Bridge. Group members, research interests, publications, surveys and catalogues, other resources.
Meta Description: [ Cavendish Astrophysics Home Page ]
University of Cambridge - DAMTP - Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics and Non-linear Patterns - Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics. Research, members, seminars, publications.
University of Cambridge - IoA - X-Ray Astronomy Group - Institute of Astronomy. The research of the group focuses on active galaxies, clusters of galaxies, elliptical galaxies, and the X-ray background.
Meta Description: [ Cambridge X-Ray Home Page ]
| EU institutions | |
| Next Video | |
