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Computer software (or simply software) is the programs and procedures that enable a computer to perform a specific task, as opposed to the physical components of the system (hardware). This includes application software such as a word processor, which enables a user to perform a task, and system software such as an operating system, which enables other software to run properly, by interfacing with hardware and with other software.
The term "software" was first used in this sense by John W. Tukey in 1957. In computer science and software engineering, computer software is all information processed by computer systems, programs and data. The concept of reading different sequences of instructions into the memory of a device to control computations was invented by Charles Babbage as part of his difference engine. The theory that is the basis for most modern software was first proposed by Alan Turing in his 1935 essay Computable numbers with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem. Hally, Mike (2005:79). Electronic brains/Stories from the dawn of the computer age. British Broadcasting Corporation and Granta Books, London. ISBN 1-86-207663-4.
Relationship to hardware
Computer software is so called in contrast to computer hardware, which encompasses the physical interconnections and devices required to store and execute (or run) the software. In computers, software is loaded into RAM and executed in the central processing unit. At the lowest level, software consists of a machine language specific to an individual processor. A machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions (object code), which change the state of the computer from its preceding state. Software is an ordered sequence of instructions for changing the state of the computer hardware in a particular sequence. It is generally written in high-level programming languages that are easier and more efficient for humans to use (closer to natural language) than machine language. High-level languages are compiled or interpreted into machine language object code. Software may also be written in an assembly language, essentially, a mnemonic representation of a machine language using a natural language alphabet. Assembly language must be assembled into object code via an assembler. More on [ Computer software ]
Companies :: Numerical Analysis
Software :: Math
Business Math For Dummies
Mary Jane Sterling Mon, 30 Jun 2008 04:00:00 -0000
The essential desk reference for every business professional or student This easy-to-understand resource explains complex mathematical concepts and formulas and offers clear examples of how they relate to real-world business situations. Featuring practical practice problems to help readers hone their skills, it covers such key topics as working with percents to calculate increases and decreases, Read More...
Uncertainty in Industrial Practice: A Guide to Quantitative Uncertainty Management
Etienne de Rocquigny (Editor), Dr. Nicolas Devictor (Editor), Dr. Stefano Tarantola (Editor) Mon, 30 Jun 2008 04:00:00 -0000
There is a growing demand from institutional bodies for the justification of industrial methodologies and practices (e.g. safety criteria, environmental protection and control, maintenance and design optimization). Previous books in this area have either been too theoretical, or too specific in their scope. Uncertainty in Industrial Practice aims to provide a practical reference on uncertainty treatment for all types of industry, Read More...
Generalized, Linear, and Mixed Models, 2nd Edition
Charles E. McCulloch, Shayle R. Searle, John M. Neuhaus Mon, 30 Jun 2008 04:00:00 -0000
An accessible and self-contained introduction to statistical models-now in a modernized new edition Generalized, Linear, and Mixed Models, Second Edition provides an up-to-date treatment of the essential techniques for developing and applying a wide variety of statistical models. The book presents thorough and unified coverage of the theory behind generalized, linear, and mixed models and highlights their similarities and differences in various Read More...
Bayesian Approach to Inverse Problems
Jérôme Idier (Editor) Mon, 30 Jun 2008 04:00:00 -0000
Many scientific, medical or engineering problems raise the issue of recovering some physical quantities from indirect measurements; for instance, detecting or quantifying flaws or cracks within a material from acoustic or electromagnetic measurements at its surface is an essential problem of non-destructive evaluation. The concept of inverse problems precisely originates from the idea of inverting the laws of physics to recover a quantity of interest Read More...
Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and Control, 4th Edition
George E. P. Box, Gwilym M. Jenkins, Gregory C. Reinsel Mon, 30 Jun 2008 04:00:00 -0000
This is a revision of a classic, seminal, and authoritative book that has been the model for most books on the topic written since 1970. It focuses on practical techniques throughout, rather than a rigorous mathematical treatment of the subject. It explores the building of stochastic (statistical) models for time series and their use in important areas of application forecasting, model specification, Read More...
Numerical Methods for Ordinary Differential Equations, 2nd Edition
John Butcher Mon, 23 Jun 2008 04:00:00 -0000
Authored by one of the world’s leading authorities on numerical methods this update of one of the standard references on numerical analysis, outlines recent developments in the field and presenting a detailed overview of the area. The only book to provide both a detailed treatment of Runge-Kutta methods and a thorough exposition of general linear methods, it also provides practical guidance on solving equations associated with general linear Read More...
Netlib - Searchable repository of free numerical software.
Sparse Matrix Ordering - Graph, mesh, and hypergraph partitioning software. Free download, portable on most Unix systems that have an ANSI C compiler (e.g. GNU C).
Meta Description: [ clustering, data mining, bioinformatics, graph, mesh, and hypergraph partitioning software ]
Addix.Spline - A comprehensive spline curve function library for creating and evaluating splines in Excel, VB and VBA. Free download of evaluation copy.
Meta Description: [ Addix.Spline is a comprehensive spline curve function library for creating and evaluating splines in Excel, VB and VBA. ]
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An Index to Numerical Methods in Pascal - A comprehensive list including freeware, shareware and commercial packages.
Astronomical Image Processing System - A software package for calibration, data analysis, image display, plotting, etcetera on astronomical data.
Astronomy and Numerical Source Codes - Astronomical computations and mathematical functions source programs in C. Home page of the Cephes Mathematical Library.
Meta Description: [ Astronomical computations and mathematical functions source programs in C. Home page of the Cephes Mathematical Library. ]
Boundary Element Method - Resources: Acoustics, Laplace and Helmholtz Problems. Book, manuals, Fortran software (Free and to purchase).
Meta Description: [ Boundary Element Method ]
Center for the Mathematics of Waves - Includes the Finite Element/Nystrom Solver, a two dimensional coupled finite element / Nystrom solver for the Helmholtz equation.
CSE - LANCELOT - A standard fortran 77 package for solving large-scale nonlinearly constrained optimization problems. Free download by FTP.
Meta Description: [ The Numerical Analysis Group of CLRC, UK researches techniques for the solution of large-scale problems in science, engineering, operations research and economics ]
Decision Tree for Optimization Software - Ready to use solutions for optimization problems, or at least a way to build such a solution using work done by others. Where possible, public domain software is listed.
Discrete Fourier Series Transform - Basic presentation of the discrete Fourier series transform. Explanations and formules. Raw source code to calculate numerical Fourier transforms.
Meta Description: [ Explanations on the discrete Fourier transform. Test program in BASIC. ]
DONLP2 - Software for nonlinear programming.
Easy-Fit - Used to identify parameters in explicit model functions, dynamic systems of equations (steady-state), Laplace transforms, ordinary differential equations, differential algebraic equations and one-dimensional partial differential equations. Proceeding from given experimental data. For example, observation times and measurements, the minimum least squares distances of measured data from a fitting criterion are computed, that may depend on the solution of the dynamic system.
FreeFEM - Free general PDE solver driven by a user friendly language. Both a 2D and a 3D version are available. MacOS, Windows.
Freely Available Software for the Solution of Linear Algebra Problems - Software for high-performance computers available in source form for problems in numerical linear algebra, specifically dense, sparse direct and iterative systems and sparse iterative eigenvalue problems.
Genetic Optimization Algorithm - Freeware used to solve optimization problems with several real and binary parameters and non linear objective functions and constraints. Includes illustration of program and links to the author's other webpages.
Meta Description: [ GOAL is a free optimization tool based on a genetic algorithm ]
GNU Octave - Free numerical analysis and visualization environment similar to Matlab.
GNU Octave Repository - Central location for custom scripts, functions and extensions to GNU Octave.
Meta Description: [ Octave-Forge is a collection of packages providing extra functionality for GNU Octave. ]
HSL Archive - HSL (formerly the Harwell Subroutine Library) is a collection of ISO Fortran codes for large scale scientific computation, written by members of the Numerical Analysis Group and other experts. Free download by FTP.
Jean-Pierre Moreau's Home Page - This private website is entirely dedicated to sources in numerical analysis in four languages: Basic, C++, Fortran and Pascal in Microsoft Windows environment.
Meta Description: [ This site is dedicated to sources in Numerical Analysis ]
MAI Information Technology - Numerical, statistical, and signal processing subroutine libraries optimised for OS/2 platforms.
Meta Description: [ Marschall Acoustics Instruments P/L provides a broad range of scientific, engineering, statistical, and geophysical information technology software and services. ]
MEDEA: Matrix Exponential Differential Equation Algorithm - Algorithm for the numerical integration of systems of ordinary differential equations arising in chemical problems. C ocde, free to use.
MIT Aero/Astro Scientific Visualization - Visualization software developed at MIT.
Newmat C++ Matrix Manipulation Library - For the manipulation of matrices in the C++ language, oriented towards science and engineering applications.
Numerical Methods - Notes and Fortran code on topics including: Finite elements, finite differences, boundary elements, integral equation methods, optimisation,linear systems, numerical integration, ODEs.
Meta Description: [ scientific computing ]
Object-oriented Finite Element / Numerical Methods in C++ - VectorSpace C++ Library for advanced numerical computation such as constrained optimization, variational methods, and computational mechanics.
Meta Description: [ Finite Element / Numerical Methods with Object-Oriented Programming in C++; VectorSpace C++ Library is for advanced numerical computation such as unconstrained/constrained optimization, variational methods, and Computational Mechanics ]
Ordinary Differential Equation System Solver - A Java-Applet/Application for solving ODE systems.
Meta Description: [ A differential equation system solver java applet ]
Reactor Simulation Editor, Introduction with Examples - The Reactor Simulation Editor (rsedit) is a software package designed to solve finite difference equations in a simplified way. The tool kit includes: a geometry editor, data structure editors, equation editor and an HTML output library.
Scientific Computing - Software and Algorithms for linear and nonlinear inverse Problems: Computerized tomography, wavelet applications, statical computations, multi parameter fit and more
SLEIGN2 - FORTRAN programs for solving Sturm--Liouville equations.
TeLa - The tensor language. Scientific computing language and environment.
Test Set for Initial Value Problem Solvers - Test problems, experimental results from a number of proven solvers, solvers, subroutines providing a common interface and links for Initial Value Problems for ODEs, DAEs and IDEs.
The Algae Programming Language - A high-level interpreted language for numerical analysis. Free (GNU GPL).
Meta Description: [ The file you are looking for has
vanished without a trace. See our home page at www.eskimo.com. ]
WNLIB C Subroutine Library - Will Naylor's free, unrestricted ANSI-C subroutine library including numerical routines such as conjugate-gradient and conjugate-directions, simplex method, transportation problem, fast-Fourier transform, matrix and vector operations.
Meta Description: [ Free ANSI C subroutine library
which includes numerical routines such as
conjugate-gradient and conjugate-directions, simplex
method, transportation problem, fast-Fourier
transform, matrix and vector operations;
data structure packages such as linked list,
balanced binary tree, completely general... ]
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XR - An implementation of exact real arithmetic in C++ by Keith Briggs.
Meta Description: [ An implementation of exact real arithmetic in C++ ]
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