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Computer software (or simply software) is the programs and procedures that enable a computer to perform a specific task, as opposed to the physical components of the system (hardware). This includes application software such as a word processor, which enables a user to perform a task, and system software such as an operating system, which enables other software to run properly, by interfacing with hardware and with other software.
The term "software" was first used in this sense by John W. Tukey in 1957. In computer science and software engineering, computer software is all information processed by computer systems, programs and data. The concept of reading different sequences of instructions into the memory of a device to control computations was invented by Charles Babbage as part of his difference engine. The theory that is the basis for most modern software was first proposed by Alan Turing in his 1935 essay Computable numbers with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem. Hally, Mike (2005:79). Electronic brains/Stories from the dawn of the computer age. British Broadcasting Corporation and Granta Books, London. ISBN 1-86-207663-4.
Relationship to hardware
Computer software is so called in contrast to computer hardware, which encompasses the physical interconnections and devices required to store and execute (or run) the software. In computers, software is loaded into RAM and executed in the central processing unit. At the lowest level, software consists of a machine language specific to an individual processor. A machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions (object code), which change the state of the computer from its preceding state. Software is an ordered sequence of instructions for changing the state of the computer hardware in a particular sequence. It is generally written in high-level programming languages that are easier and more efficient for humans to use (closer to natural language) than machine language. High-level languages are compiled or interpreted into machine language object code. Software may also be written in an assembly language, essentially, a mnemonic representation of a machine language using a natural language alphabet. Assembly language must be assembled into object code via an assembler. More on [ Computer software ]
Differential Equations with Maple, 3rd Edition
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Computational Intelligence and Feature Selection: Rough and Fuzzy Approaches
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Computational Intelligence and Feature Selection provides a high level audience with both the background and fundamental ideas behind feature selection with an emphasis on those techniques based on rough and fuzzy sets, including their hybridizations. It introduces set theory, fuzzy set theory, rough set theory, and fuzzy-rough set theory, and illustrates the power and efficacy of the feature selection described through the use of real-world applications Read More...
Statistical Methods in e-Commerce Research
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Fundamentals of Quality Control and Improvement, Student Solutions Manual, 3rd Edition
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Incorporating modern ideas, methods, and philosophies of quality management, Fundamentals of Quality Control and Improvement, Third Edition presents a quantitative approach to management-oriented techniques and enforces the integration of statistical concepts into quality assurance methods. Utilizing a sound theoretical foundation and illustrating procedural techniques through real-world examples, Read More...
Handbook of Mathematical Relations in Particulate Materials Processing
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Handbook of Mathematical Relations in Particulate Materials Processing goes beyond the traditional barriers of only one material class by covering the major areas in ceramics, cemented carbides, powder metallurgy, and particulate materials. Suited for quick reference with stand alone definitions. It is the perfect complement to existing textbooks since it will simply cut to the key relations. Read More...
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A comprehensive, compilation and evaluation of the newest results in the field of enumerate evaluation of chromatographic data Aimed at the practicing professional, researchers and advanced students working in this area Special emphasis on practical applications While the principles of chromatography and multivariate mathematical-statistical methods are discussed separately, the book focuses on their interconnection. Read More...
ACL2 Version 2.7 - A programming language in which you can model computer systems and a tool to help prove properties of those models. Available under GPL and runs on various platforms. Includes related download links.
Automated Reasoning Project - Web resource provided by research group. Includes access to software developed by the team, coverering such projects as FINDER (Finite Domain Enumerator), MaGIC (Matrix Generator for Implication Connectives) and Kripke (A theorem prover for the relevant logic LR).
Meta Description: [ RSISE ]
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Bertrand - First-order satisfiability checker and prover for the Macintosh.
Church - Program understands the different types of lambda expressions, can extract lists of variables (both free and bound) and subterms, and can simplify complicated expressions. Uses Python.
CrocoPat: Simple and Efficient Relational Programming - CrocoPat manipulates relations of any arity, including graphs (which are binary relations). Its simple and expressive query and manipulation language is based on first-order predicate calculus. The implementation is based on the data structure binary decision diagram (BDD).
Database of Existing Mechanized Reasoning Systems - A list (50 entries) of automatic resolution provers (like Otter), interactive provers (like PVS) and other mechanized reasoning tools.
DC Proof Online - New proof-writing software to teach the fundamentals of logic and proof. Enables users/students to write error-free proofs by selecting rules of inference, axioms, etc. from convenient drop-down menus. Includes tutorial and exercises.
Meta Description: [ Download free proof writing software for high school, college and university-level mathetmatics ]
DELORES - A forward-chaining reasoning engine for defeasible logic, a less expressive but more efficient nonmonotonic logic.
Meta Description: [ A forward-chaining reasoning engine for defeasible logic, a less-expressive but more efficient non-monotonic logic. ]
Gateway to Logic - A collection of web-based logic programs offering a number of logical functions: interactively or automatically build proofs, check theorems, and operate on propositional logic formulae.
Meta Description: [ The Gateway to Logic is a collection of interactive logic software intended mainly for the didactic use. ]
Isabelle - A generic theorem proving environment developed at Cambridge University (Larry Paulson) and TU Munich (Tobias Nipkow). Includes logic, documentation and free download.
llprover - A linear logic prover that searches a cut-free proof for the given two-sided sequent of first-order linear logic.
Logic Software from CSLI - By Jon Barwise and John Etchemendy.
Meta Description: [ This page describes the
text/software packages Hyperproof, Tarski's World, Turing's World,
and The Language of First-order Logic. ]
LOOM - A language and environment for constructing intelligent applications. It is a research project in the Artificial Intelligence research group at the University of Southern California's Information Sciences Institute. The goal of the project is to develop and field advanced tools for knowledge representation and reasoning in Artificial Intelligence.
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Ludwig - Application that draws truth-tables for propositional logic formulae. Available for free download and web use.
Meta Description: [ Ludwig is logic software that builds truth-tables for propositional logic formulae. Binary and web edition available. ]
LWB - Logics Workbench.
Meta Description: [ the main page of the LWB Documentation ]
ModLeanTAP: Lean Tableau-based Deduction for Propositional Modal Logics - Lean Tableau-based Deduction for Propositional Modal Logics. By Bernhard Beckert.
MUltlog - Takes as input the specification of a finitely-valued first-order logic and produces a sequent calculus, a natural deduction system, and clause formation rules for this logic.
MUltseq - A generic sequent prover for propositional finitely-valued logics.
Paradox - A tool that processes first-order logic problems and tries to find finite-domain models for them; written by Koen Claessen and Niklas Sörensson. Haskell and C++; free download under GPL.
Proof General - Comprehensive Gnu-Emacs and XEmacs interface for several theorem provers including Coq, Isabelle, Lego, and Phox.
Meta Description: [ Proof General is an Emacs based
generic interface for theorem provers ]
ProofPower - A suite of tools supporting specification and proof in Higher Order Logic (HOL) and in Z notation.
PROTEIN - A PROver with a Theory Extension INterface. Theorem prover for first-order clause logic, written in ECRC's Prolog-dialect ECLiPSe. Free download, documentation.
Meta Description: [ Homepage of the AI Research Group of the University Koblenz-Landau ]
PVS - The PVS Specification and Verification System. Available for Sparc machines with Solaris 2 and Intel x86 Machines with Linux compatible with Redhat 5 or later. Required is Emacs (version 19 or later), recommended LaTeX and Tcl/Tk. Download by FTP.
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SwitchMin Digital Circuit Minimizer - Tool for minimizing boolean logic functions.
The Coq Project - Deals with effectively machine-checked formal mathematics. In practice, this includes the study of mathematical formalisms well-suited for implementations, the implementations themselves and the use of these for various applications. Focuses on software correctness proofs.
Tree Proof Generator - An implementation of the semantic tableaux method for classical propositional and predicate logic, written in JavaScript/DOM.
VeriFun - A semi-automated system for the verification of statements about programs written in a functional programming language. The system is capable of following fully-automated routines for theorem proving and hypotheses formation, as well as operating interactively when these reoutines fail.
Meta Description: [ Darmstadt University of Technology ]
Visual Turing - A graphical IDE for creating, running and debugging Turing machines. Freeware for Windows 95/98/NT/2000.
Meta Description: [ Visual Turing is a graphical IDE that you may use to edit and debug with Turing machines ]
WinKE - An interactive proof assistant based on analytic tableaux, and designed for the teaching of deductive reasoning. Ordering information is available at this site, as are academic papers on the design of the software.
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