A people is a group of individuals who belong to and function within a particular society. In common usage, the term people may be synonymous with human, or otherwise may carry an exclusive meaning. In general, the word people is a collective noun used to define a specific group of humans. However, when used to refer to a group of humans possessing a common ethnic, cultural or national unitary characteristic or identity, "people" is a singular noun, and as such takes an "s" in the plural; (example: "the English-speaking peoples of the world").
The concept of personhood (who is a person within a society) is the fundamental component of any selective concept of people. A distinction is maintained in philosophy and law between the notions "human being", or "man", and "person". The former refers to the species, while the latter refers to a rational agent (see, for example, John Locke's Essay concerning Human Understanding II 27 and Immanuel Kant's Introduction to the Metaphysic of Morals).
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University of St. Andrews: Biography Index - Names are listed alphetically or by date, from 1680 BC to the present.
Abel - Niels Henrik Abel (1802-1829) - Norwegian mathematician. Worked on elliptic functions and integrals, algebraic solution of equations and solubility by radicals.
Meta Description: [ Niels Abel (1802-1829) ]
Al-Sabi Thabit ibn Qurra al-Harrani - Gives information on background and contributions to non-euclidean geometry, spherical trigonometry, number theory and the field of statics. Was an important translator of Greek materials, including Euclid's Elements, during the Middle Ages.
Meta Description: [ Thabit (836-901) ]
Andrei Nikolaevich Kolmogorov (1903-1987) - The most prominent twentieth-century mathematician.
Meta Description: [ Andrei Nikolaevich Kolmogorov, April 25, 1903 - October 20, 1987.
Curriculum Vitae and Biography. Kolmogorov School.
Ph.D. students and descendants of A. N. Kolmogorov.
A.N. Kolmogorov works, books, papers, articles.
Photographs and Portraits of A. N. Kolmogorov. ]
Archimedes - Provides a biography and cultural background, as well as details about his discoveries. Page includes photos and a timeline.
Meta Description: [ A collection of Archimedean miscellanea, containing descriptions, sources, and illustrations of all aspects of Archimedes' life, including the siege of Syracuse, the death of Archimedes, Archimedes' tomb, Archimedes' screw, and much more. ]
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Archimedes (c. 287 B.C.-212 B.C.) - (Encyclopedia.com) Greek mathematician, physicist, and inventor.
Meta Description: [ Make research projects easier with our FREE online library of educational resources like Oxford Dictionaries, Encyclopedia Britannica and millions of articles. ]
Bernoulli, Daniel (1700-1782) - Most important work considered the basic properties of fluid flow, pressure, density and velocity, and gave their fundamental relationship now known as Bernoulli's principle.
Meta Description: [ Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782) ]
Bessel - Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (1784-1846) - Catalogued stars, predicted a planet beyond Uranus as well as the existence of dark stars, investigated Johann Kepler's problem of heliocentricity, and systematized the mathematical functions involved, which now bear his name.
Biographies of Women Mathematicians - On-going project by students in mathematics classes at Agnes Scott College, in Atlanta, Georgia.
Cauchy - Augustin-Louis Cauchy (1789-1857) - (Catholic Encyclopedia) Theory of polyhedra, symmetrical functions, proof of a theorem of Fermat which had baffled mathematicians like Gauss and Euler.
Meta Description: [ French mathematician, b. at Paris, 21 August, 1789; d. at Sceaux, 23 May, 1857 ]
Cauchy, Augustin Louis (1789-1857) - Cauchy contributed to almost every branch of mathematics. He is probably best known for his important contributions to real and complex analysis.
Meta Description: [ Augustin-Louis Cauchy (1789-1857) ]
Chebyshev - Pafnuty Lvovich Chebyshev (1821-1894) - Work on prime numbers included the determination of the number of primes not exceeding a given number, wrote an important book on the theory of congruences, proved that there was always at least one prime between n and 2n for n 3.
Meta Description: [ Pafnuty Chebyshev (1821-1894) ]
Cramer - Gabriel Cramer (1704-1752) - Best known for his work on determinants, made contributions to the study of algebraic curves.
Meta Description: [ Gabriel Cramer (1704-1752) ]
d'Alembert - Jean Le Rond d'Alembert (1717-1783) - Helped to resolve the controversy in mathematical physics over the conservation of kinetic energy by improving Newton's definition of force.
Meta Description: [ Jean d'Alembert (1717-1783) ]
Dedekind, Richard (1831-1916) - study of CONTINUITY and definition of the real numbers in terms of Dedekind cuts, the nature of number and mathematical induction, definition of finite and infinite sets; algebraic number fields, concept of RINGS.
Diophantus of Alexandria (c. 200-284 ) - Best known for his Arithmetica, a work on the theory of numbers, a collection of 130 problems giving numerical solutions of determinate equations.
Meta Description: [ Diophantus (about 200-about 284) ]
Dirichlet - Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet (1805-1859) - Proved that in any arithmetic progression with first term coprime to the difference there are infinitely many primes, units in algebraic number theory, ideals, proposed the modern definition of a function.
Meta Description: [ Lejeune Dirichlet (1805-1859) ]
Eratosthenes of Cyrene (276-194 BC) - Discusses this early Grecian's discoveries in finding a good approximation of the circumference of the earth, the tilt angle of our planet and a tool for finding prime numbers. Page includes biographical information.
Fermat - Pierre de Fermat (1601-1665) - From `A Short Account of the History of Mathematics' (4th edition, 1908) by W. W. Rouse Ball.
Fibonacci - Who was Fibonacci? - Leonardo of Pisa (1175?-1250) - His names, mathematical contributions, Introducing the decimal number system into Europe, Fibonacci Series.
Meta Description: [ Fibonacci, Leonardo of Pisa, Leonardo Pisano,
lived in Pisa around 1200 and gave his name to the Fibonacci numbers. Who was he? What
statues are there to see in Pisa?
He played a major role in introducing our decimal number system and aritmetic methods
into Europe to replace the old Ro... ]
Fibonacci Mathematics by Dr. Peter Reimers - Describes the rabbit problem and the Fibonacci sequence and some generalized rules.
Meta Description: [ Fibonacci Mathematics ]
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Fourier - Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1768-1830) - Baron, mathematical physicist, French Revolution, a teacher, a secret policeman, a political prisoner, governor of Egypt, The Analytic Theory of Heat
Galois - The Evariste Galois Archive - Includes personal biography, explanation of his theory and related links.
Meta Description: [ Documents and texts about the life and works of the famous mathematician Evariste Galois in German, French, Italian, English and Spanish. ]
Galois, Évariste (1811-1832) - Galois theory, a branch of mathematics dealing with the general solution of equations, group theory, method of determining when a general equation could be solved by radicals, solved many long-standing unanswered questions.
Meta Description: [ Evariste Galois (1811-1832) ]
Galois, Evariste - Biography in the St Andres archive.
Meta Description: [ Evariste Galois (1811-1832) ]
Gauss, Johann Carl Friedrich (1777-1855) - One of the all-time greats, Gauss began to show his mathematical brilliance at the early age of seven. He is usually credited with the first proof of The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra.
Meta Description: [ Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) ]
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Grassmann, Hermann - 1862 - Explains the published paper called Ausdehnungslehre, which translates to Theory of Extension. The purpose is to create a universal type of geometric calculus. This development is used in linear and non-linear algebra, today.
Kolmogorov, Andrei Nikolaevich (1903-1987) - Worked on trigonometric series, set theory, integration analysis, constructive logic, topology, approximation methods, probability, statistics, random processes, information theory, dynamical systems, algorithms, celestial mechanics, Hilbert's 13th problem, and ballistics. Also, studied and applications of mathematics to problems of biology, geology, linguistics and the crystallization of metals. Born and lived in Russia.
Lambert - Johann Heinrich Lambert (1728 - 1777) - In a memoir in 1768 on transcendental magnitudes he proved that pi is incommensurable.
Oughtred, William (1574-1660) - Best known for the invention of an early form of the slide rule.
Meta Description: [ William Oughtred (1574-1660) ]
Peirce, Benjamin (1809-1880) - Life and work of 19th century mathematician and philosopher of mathematics; by Ivor Grattan-Guinness and Alison Walsh.
Pell, John (1611-1685) - Worked on algebra and number theory, gave a table of factors of all integers up to 100000 in 1668. Pell's equation is y^2 = ax^2 + 1, where a is a non-square integer.
Meta Description: [ John Pell (1611-1685) ]
Plato (427-347 B.C.) - ... the reality which scientific thought is seeking must be expressible in mathematical terms, mathematics being the most precise and definite kind of thinking of which we are capable.
Meta Description: [ Plato (427 BC-347 BC) ]
Schmidt, Erhard (1876-1959) - Main research was functional analysis, doctorate was obtained under Hilbert's supervision, main interest was in integral equations and Hilbert space, best remembered for the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalisation process.
Meta Description: [ Erhard Schmidt (1876-1959) ]
Sheynin, Oscar - Freelance researcher specializes in the history of probability, statistics and error theory. Page includes list of publications and outside reviews.
Shortest path to Gauss - This site is the quickest access to information about C.F.Gauss, although reduced to a single page.
Meta Description: [ Life of Gauss, short biography, prime number theorem, quadratic reciprocity,
celestial mechanics, astronomy books, geodesy, curve , surface, gaussian distribution, probabilty,
sums of 2, 4 squares, real estate, modular arithmetic, new york, fundamental theorem of algebra, florida, prince of ma... ]
The Eratosthenes Project - Gives information about the techniques and computations used by this ancient mathematician to find the circumference of the earth. Includes sample sketch and reconstructed map of the world.
The Grothendieck Biography Project - Links relating to Alexandre Groethendieck.
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The Grothendieck Circle - Aims to make publicly available materials written by and about Alexandre Grothendieck. Made contributions to algebraic geometry, homological algebra and functional analysis. Page includes list of mathematical,biographical publications and some portrait photos.
The History of Mathematics - Collection of original papers of Berkeley, Hamilton, Riemann, Boole, Cantor, and Newton. Includes background and notes. Maintained by David R. Wilkins from Trinity College, Dublin
Zermelo - Ernst Friedrich Ferdinand Zermelo (1871-1953) - Zermelo in 1908 was the first to attempt an axiomatisation of set theory
Meta Description: [ Ernst Zermelo (1871-1953) ]
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