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Computer software (or simply software) is the programs and procedures that enable a computer to perform a specific task, as opposed to the physical components of the system (hardware). This includes application software such as a word processor, which enables a user to perform a task, and system software such as an operating system, which enables other software to run properly, by interfacing with hardware and with other software.
The term "software" was first used in this sense by John W. Tukey in 1957. In computer science and software engineering, computer software is all information processed by computer systems, programs and data. The concept of reading different sequences of instructions into the memory of a device to control computations was invented by Charles Babbage as part of his difference engine. The theory that is the basis for most modern software was first proposed by Alan Turing in his 1935 essay Computable numbers with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem. Hally, Mike (2005:79). Electronic brains/Stories from the dawn of the computer age. British Broadcasting Corporation and Granta Books, London. ISBN 1-86-207663-4.
Relationship to hardware
Computer software is so called in contrast to computer hardware, which encompasses the physical interconnections and devices required to store and execute (or run) the software. In computers, software is loaded into RAM and executed in the central processing unit. At the lowest level, software consists of a machine language specific to an individual processor. A machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions (object code), which change the state of the computer from its preceding state. Software is an ordered sequence of instructions for changing the state of the computer hardware in a particular sequence. It is generally written in high-level programming languages that are easier and more efficient for humans to use (closer to natural language) than machine language. High-level languages are compiled or interpreted into machine language object code. Software may also be written in an assembly language, essentially, a mnemonic representation of a machine language using a natural language alphabet. Assembly language must be assembled into object code via an assembler. More on [ Computer software ]
Computational Intelligence and Feature Selection: Rough and Fuzzy Approaches
Richard Jensen, Qiang Shen Mon, 29 Sep 2008 04:00:00 -0000
Computational Intelligence and Feature Selection provides a high level audience with both the background and fundamental ideas behind feature selection with an emphasis on those techniques based on rough and fuzzy sets, including their hybridizations. It introduces set theory, fuzzy set theory, rough set theory, and fuzzy-rough set theory, and illustrates the power and efficacy of the feature selection described through the use of real-world applications Read More...
Statistical Methods in e-Commerce Research
Wolfgang Jank, Galit Shmueli Mon, 29 Sep 2008 04:00:00 -0000
This groundbreaking book introduces the application of statistical methodologies to e-Commerce data With the expanding presence of technology in today's economic market, the use of the Internet for buying, selling, and investing is growing more popular and public in nature. Statistical Methods in e-Commerce Research is the first book of its kind to focus on the statistical models and methods that are essential in order to analyze information from Read More...
Differential Equations with Maple, 3rd Edition
Brian R. Hunt, Ronald L. Lipsman, John E. Osborn, Jonathan M. Rosenberg Mon, 29 Sep 2008 04:00:00 -0000
Read More...
Fundamentals of Quality Control and Improvement, Student Solutions Manual, 3rd Edition
Amit Mitra Mon, 22 Sep 2008 04:00:00 -0000
Incorporating modern ideas, methods, and philosophies of quality management, Fundamentals of Quality Control and Improvement, Third Edition presents a quantitative approach to management-oriented techniques and enforces the integration of statistical concepts into quality assurance methods. Utilizing a sound theoretical foundation and illustrating procedural techniques through real-world examples, Read More...
Handbook of Mathematical Relations in Particulate Materials Processing
Randall M. German Tue, 16 Sep 2008 04:00:00 -0000
Handbook of Mathematical Relations in Particulate Materials Processing goes beyond the traditional barriers of only one material class by covering the major areas in ceramics, cemented carbides, powder metallurgy, and particulate materials. Suited for quick reference with stand alone definitions. It is the perfect complement to existing textbooks since it will simply cut to the key relations. Read More...
Multivariate Methods in Chromatography: A Practical Guide
Tibor Cserhati Tue, 09 Sep 2008 04:00:00 -0000
A comprehensive, compilation and evaluation of the newest results in the field of enumerate evaluation of chromatographic data Aimed at the practicing professional, researchers and advanced students working in this area Special emphasis on practical applications While the principles of chromatography and multivariate mathematical-statistical methods are discussed separately, the book focuses on their interconnection. Read More...
Tensor Calculus @ Mathematica - Free Mathematica package for explicit tensor calculations in Riemannian Geometry.
Meta Description: [ Mathematica Package for Tensor Calculations in Riemannian Geometry ]
C.a.R. Geometry Program - A free program allowing Compass and Ruler constructions. Now also available in Java.
Cabri Geometry - The home site for Cabri Geometry, a dynamic geometry package .
Cabri Java beta version - Create dynamic geometrical figures using Cabri and publish them as Java applets.
Cinderella: Interactive Geometry - Cinderella is a Java based interactive geometry tool. The only available tool that gives correct solutions to typical geometrical problems.
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Dave Wilson's Poincaré Notes - A page describing some Cabri macros relating to hyperbolic Geometry in the Poincare disc model.
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Descriptive Geometry - Software for creating and printing drawings, including conicsections, color fillings in Monge's projection and axonometry.
Meta Description: [ Information about program Descriptive Geometry ]
Dr. Geo - An interactive geometry program for Linux, distributed under the GNU public license. (Free)
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Edu2000's Visual Geometry Series - A visual learning environment (full-curriculum, Mac/Windows) that helps students explore and understand geometry.
GANG Software Suite - A set of mathematical environments for computing, visualizing and experimenting with geometric objects; built with the OpenGL/Mesa library and the GTK+ user interface.
Meta Description: [ Gallery of Constant Mean Curvature Surfaces at GANG. ]
Geometria - A Java program in solid geometry. Solids can be measured, cut, drawn upon. 60 sample problems with resolutions.
Meta Description: [ Bored with math? Try this. An application in interactive geometry ]
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GeomNet - Family of geometric computing servers execute a variety of geometric algorithms on behalf of remote clients, which can be either users interacting through a Web browser interface or application programs connecting directly through sockets.
GEUP - An interactive geometry program for Windows. Evaluation version free to download.
GEUP - Interactive Geometry software. - GEUP is an interactive geometry tool. Lets you dynamically explore Mathematics, build mathematical models of real world or create interactive mathematics presentations.
Great Math Programs - A collection of mathematical programs, with particular reference to geometry.
Home Page of Isard - A free dynamic geometry package for Windows, PowerMac and Linux. Like Cabri, but in Smalltalk (and smaller). Source available : you can extend it as needed !
KSEG Interactive Geometry Software - KSEG is an Open Source program for interactively exploring geometric constructions which can be used to teach geometry in the classroom or for personal enjoyment.
KwikTrig - A free trigonometry solving program for Windows.
Math Forum: Search geometry-software-dynamic - Users of geometry software programs like Cabri Geometry II may share tips and advice at the geometry-software-dynamic discussion list.
MowMowMow's Cabri Room - Many Cabri files aimed at high school level geometry.
Polyhedron - Interactive application for solid geometry with 250 built-in problems. Simulates ruler, compass, protractor and other tools. Solids can be cut, displayed differently, rotated, joined again.
Meta Description: [ Interactive geometry software ]
Qhull for convex hulls, etc. - Qhull for computing the convex hull, Delaunay triangulation, Voronoi diagram, and halfspace intersection about a point.
Ricci - A Mathematica package for doing tensor calculations in differential geometry.
Riemann surfaces visualisation - Unifpack is a set of programs and C libraries designed to help in the study of Riemann Surfaces.
Rite Item - Geometrical shareware software. Anyangle (Windows/DOS) finds answers to problems involving triangles. Partydot creates patterns.
Meta Description: [ Rite Item presents its AnyAngle triangle solution program description and download sites and a link to Jim Preston's personal home page ]
Singular - Computer algebra system for polynomial computations. Free download.
Symmeter - An on-line tool for understanding and measuring symmetry.
Meta Description: [ Symmeter is a system for symmetry analysis and measurement. ]
The Geometer's Sketchpad Resource Center - This Resource Center supports users of The Geometer's Sketchpad Dynamic Geometry software. Contents include a freely-downloadable demo and Java versions; research bibliography; online activity guide; technical support center.
Meta Description: [ The Geometer's Sketchpad dynamic geometry software is an educational
math software developed by KCP Technologies and published by Key Curriculum Press. ]
TTC - Mathematica package for doing tensor and exterior calculus on differentiable manifolds.
WinGCLC - a tool for describing geometric constructions and making digital illustrations in LaTeX and bitmap format.
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