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A vacuum is a volume of space that is substansively empty of matter, so that gaseous pressure is much less than standard atmospheric pressure. The root of the word vacuum is the Latin adjective vacuus which means "empty," but space can never be perfectly empty. A perfect vacuum, known as "free space", with a gaseous pressure of absolute zero is a philosophical concept with no physical reality, not least because quantum theory predicts that no volume of space is perfectly empty in this way. Physicists often use the term "vacuum" slightly differently. They discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they simply call "vacuum" in this context, and use the term partial vacuum to refer to the imperfect vacua realized in practice.
The quality of a vacuum is measured by how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum. The residual gas pressure is the primary indicator of quality, and it is most commonly measured in units of torr, even in metric contexts. Lower pressures indicate higher quality, although other variables must also be taken into account. Quantum mechanics sets limits on the best possible quality of vacuum. Outer space is a natural high quality vacuum, mostly of much higher quality than what can be created artificially with current technology. Low quality artificial vacuums have been used for suction for millenia.
Vacuum has been a common topic of philosophical debate since Ancient Greek times, but it was not studied empirically until the 17th century. Experimental techniques were developed following Evangelista Torricelli's theories of atmospheric pressure. Vacuum became a valuable industrial tool in the 20th century with the introduction of the light bulb and vacuum tube, and a wide array of vacuum technology has since become available. The recent development of human spaceflight has raised interest in the impact of vacuum on human health, and life forms in general.
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Instruments and Supplies :: Physics
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A and J Vacuum Services - Repair and service high vacuum equipment.
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Abbess Instruments - Vacuum chamber that are custom designed to be rugged bench top unit in research, production or testing.
Meta Description: [ Vacuum chambers and products for vacuum degassing and testing ]
Advanced Energy - Products for plasma-based thin film vacuum processes.
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Advanced Vacuum Technology - Supplying vacuum pumps, vacuum tweezers and other vacuum related products.
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Alcatel - Designer and manufacturer of dry, turbo and rotary vane vacuum pumps, leak detection equipment and industrial vacuum systems
Analytical Testing Services, Inc. - Suppliers of rebuilt helium leak detectors, parts, and services.
Meta Description: [ Analytical Testing Services, repairs, services and rebuilds used helium leak detectors and vacuum pumps of most major manufacturers including Alcatel, Edwards, Kinney, Leybold, Precision and others. ]
Applied Vacuum Technology - Standard and custom vacuum component manufacturer of conflat and KF vacuum flanges and fittings, weldments and chambers for low to high vacuum applications.
Meta Description: [ Applied Vacuum Technology Inc. Custom Vacuum Solutions ]
Association of Vacuum Equipment Manufacturers International - Includes information on the association, job listings, a directory of companies, and news related to the industry.
Meta Description: [ The Association of Vacuum Equipment Manufacturers (AVEM) is a non-profit association of companies that manufacture vacuum equipment and supplies, that serve and advance vacuum science and technology. ]
Becker Pumps Inc. - New pumps and repair of your old vacuum pumps.
BOC Edwards - Vacuum pump and accessories manufacturer.
Meta Description: [ BOC Edwards is a process materials, equipment and services specialist with two broad and complimentary areas of expertise: semiconductor processing and vacuum dependent processing. ]
Capitol Vacuum - Manufacturer of repair kits and spare parts for vacuum pumps made by Alcatel, CTI, Edwards, Leybold, Precision Scientific, Stokes and Welch.
DV manufacturing - UHV and HV custom machining products. Include fittings, flanges, bellows, feedthroughs, mirror mounts, vacuum manifolds, port aligners, flex lines and valves.
Meta Description: [ ultra high vacuum, custom machining, flanges, fittings, feedthroughs, bellows, welding, traps, compression fittings, DV Manufacturing ]
Extorr Residual Gas Analyzers - Extorr produces a quadrupole residual gas analyzer which includes both an ion and Pirani gauge. The probe fits on a 2 3/4 inch flange and is controlled by RS232.
Meta Description: [ Extorr produces the most advanced and least expensive residual gas analyzer on the market today ]
Ferrovac GmbH - Magnetically coupled wobble stick manipulators, linear- rotary feedthroughs, sample handling tools.
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Galileo Tecnoplant - Process Equipment - Galileo TP Process Equipment; vacuum and refrigeration technology, and Tecnoplant.
Gencoa - Manufactures magnetron sputter sources, reto-fited magnetic arrays for existing sources and sputter targets. Gencoa also has wear-resistant coatings and vacuum deposition experience.
Meta Description: [ Magnetron sputter cathode manufacturer for solar cells, photovoltaics, architectural glass, semiconductor, reflectors ]
Helium Leak Testing Inc. - Leak detection, test fixtures, calibration, vacuum pump services, and supplies.
Meta Description: [ Helium leak testing, calibration, and vacuum pump services are our three general areas of expertise. ]
HSD Engineering - Fabrication, repair and design of vacuum system controls. Also technical information about vacuum pumps and fittings.
HVA - Manufacturer of high and ultra high vacuum stainless steel valves, fittings, and components for scientific and industrial use.
Meta Description: [ vacuum, valves, ultra high vacuum, flanges, fittings,
semiconductor, avs, svc, semi, Slot Valves, Rectangular Valves ]
Intelvac - Distributor of Alcatel, Arun Microelectronics Ltd., Andonian Cryogenics, CTI-Cryogenics, IntelVac, Evac, Granville Phillips, Veeco, Mykrolis, Nor-cal and custom made vacuum products.
Meta Description: [ Intlvac is the largest Canadian supplier of high vacuum systems and products, which include vacuum systems, ion beam system parts and accessories. ]
Island Scientific - Supply servicing of reconditioned high vacuum equipment accessories
Meta Description: [ Servicing of most types of Vacuum Pumps; Rotary, Piston, Dry, Turbo, Cryo. Manufacturing of vacuum degassing equipment for casting; Chambers, pumps & fittings. UKs largest independent vacuum pump specialists. ]
JC Controls - Vacuum ion gauge controllers.
jvk Services - Semiconductor vacuum process tools are our specialty. We design automated equipment to your specifications, as well as refurbish and automate older equipment.
Meta Description: [ Repair semiconductor and plasma process systems: PECVD, RIE and Plasma Etcher; automation upgrades, refurbished equipment: PlasmaTherm, Drytek, Oxford Instruments. ]
Kelly Vacuum - Vacuum pumps, flanges, chambers, turbo pumps, ion pumps, valves, feedthroughs, slit valves, e-guns, vacuum pump oils, custom vacuum systems and vacuum pump repair services.
Meta Description: [ Kelly Vacuum Technologies, Inc. is a leading supplier / distributor of vacuum equipment, components, systems and instruments. ]
Kinequip, Inc. - Distributor of pneumatic, automation, air, and vacuum equipment. Vendors include SMC Pneumatics, Gast, Kaeser, Rietschle, Bauer, CEJN, Circle Seal, Hoke, Go Regulator.
Kool Pipes - Manufactures a vacuum feedthrough heatpipe to remove excess heat from vacuum chambers.
LACO Technologies, Inc. - New and refurbished vacuum pumps, instruments, and accessories. NIST traceable vacuum gauge and leak standard calibration services. Custom vacuum welding. Vacuum Pump Repair.
Meta Description: [ LACO Technologies vacuum chamber and leak detection systems. Specializing in vacuum chambers, helium leak detectors, production leak testing, high vacuum systems, vacuum pumps, calibrated leak standards and vacuum gauge calibration. ]
Löwener Vacuumservice - Löwener Vacuumservice AB builds helium leak test systems, helium leak detection machines, vacuum systems, multichamber vacuum drying systems, thin film coating systems. We supply vacuum pumps, components, helium leak detectors.
Meta Description: [ We build helium leak test machines, helium leak detection systems and other vacuum systems for leak testing, helium leak detection, pressure decay and vacuum decay, pressure testing, vacuum drying, vacuum degassing, space simulation chambers, flight height simulation chambers, vacuum pumping syst... ]
Leybold Optics, Optical Coating Equipment - High vacuum precision optics coating systems. Vacuum coating systems for molded parts.
Leybold Repair by Tech Services - Connecticut based company for all your Leybold vacuum equipment and pumps. We repair and sell Leybold pumps.
Meta Description: [ The next time you have a Leybold turbo pump, frequency converter, ion gauge or leak detector needing service, contact us. Tech Services Inc. specializes in only Leybold products. We use top quality parts. We have low prices. We will beat anyone's converter prices. Contact usl today for a quote. ]
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LMDC Catalogue: Vacuum Equipment Page - Equipment for vacuum coating and research including Pumps, Chambers, Magnetrons, Power supplies, Sputter systems, Sputtering, Turbopumps, Osaka, Advanced Energy, MDX, MDX-L DC and RF power supplies, CTI, APD and other Cryo pumps and compressors.
Materials Research Furnaces, Inc. - Designs and manufactures a complete line of high-temperature, vacuum and controlled atmosphere furnaces for a wide range of applications.
Meta Description: [ MRF,Inc: High-temperature vacuum - gas furnaces for the production industry and R-D world for applications ranging from Annealing to Vapor deposition. ]
MBRAUN - Glovebox equipment, gas purification systems, analyzers, dry boxes, isolatiors, controlled atmosphere technology
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MDC Vacuum Products Corporation - Vacuum components manufacturing company in Hayward CA, catering to UHV applications and the like.
Meta Description: [ MDC Vacuum Products home page. ]
MediVac Technologies - Services all types of vacuum equipment. Provide helium leak testing, leak detector repair, vacuum gauge and leak standard calibration and vacuum pump rebuilding.
Meta Description: [ Helium Leak Testing , helium testing, leak testing, testing helium, Vacuum leak testing, leak checking service, industrial helium leak testing, steam condenser vacuum leaks ]
MKS Instruments - A source of instruments, components, and subsystems, for vacuum and gas-based processes.
Meta Description: [ MKS Instruments is the world's broadest source of instruments, components, and subsystems, for vacuum and gas-based processes. ]
Mpf Products Inc. - Ultra High Vacuum feedthroughs and optical components
Meta Description: [ MPF Products, Inc. - Manufacturer of High and Ultra High Vacuum Feedthroughs, High temperature PEEK connectors, Vacuum cable assemlies, Accessories, Subminiature D, Coaxial, Thermocouple & Power feedthroughs, Fiber Optic feedthroughs, and various other High and Ultrahigh Vacuum Products ]
NBM Design, Inc. - Manufacturer of custom designed vacuum systems and components for laser deposition, sputtering, ion beam, and other etch and deposition techniques.
NTE Poole for Vacuum Vessels - Specialising in the construction of vacuum vessels for all types of difficult projects. Check out how we helped the Gemini Telescope.
Meta Description: [ The core business of NTE Vacuum Technology Ltd is the manufacture of High Vacuum Chambers/Vessels and associated equipment. ]
Nu Vacuum Systems Inc. - Fabricator of high quality circular (to 10' dia.) and rectangular (to 6' 6) vacuum chambers in a variety of materials, including stainless steel, aluminum, and mild steel. Manufacturing and testing capabilities for everything from components to complete pumping stations, for a wide variety of industries.
Pfeiffer Vacuum TurboPumps - Turbomolecular pumps with integrated controller.
Meta Description: [ Welcome to Pfeiffer Vacuum, Inc. This is the North American website addressing YOUR local/global needs. Yes, this is the place you want to look if you are interested in the most cutting edge, most reliable, superior quality & high performance vacuum products such as Turbomolecular Pumps, Rotary V... ]
Piab - Compressed air driven venturi-type vacuum generators, suction cups, and accessories. Includes related news and product information.
Meta Description: [ Today we are on the cutting edge of vacuum technology, and we have been creating new opportunities for customers since our founding in 1951. Products and systems developed in-house at PIAB are always a step ahead of the competition. Used primarily for aut ]
Portable vacuum leak detector - Portable leak detector for leak finding on vacuum systems. No Turbo pump required. Ideal for field service engineers and RD purpose. Works well up to 10-3 mbar lit/sec.
Meta Description: [ UniTemp GmbH. Entwicklung und Vertrieb von Geräten für die Mikroelektronik (Halbleiter) ]
Provac Sales - Offers rebuilt vane, piston, turbo and blower pumps and systems, vacuum pump oils and accessories.
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Pump Tech Builders Sales - Repair service for Alcatel, CTI, Edwards, Kinney, Leybold, Stokes, Welch, and Varian. Minor ebuild also.
PVI Vacuum System Technology - Manufacturer of PVD thermal processing equipment. Electron beam evaporation, sputtering ion plating systems. High temperature quartz reactors for photovoltaics, FPD laser sealing systems UHV bakeout systems.
R. D. Webb Company - Manufacturer of high temperature inert gas atmosphere vacuum furnaces for sintering and research.
Meta Description: [ High temperature vacuum/inert gas atmosphere furnace designed specifically for university, industrial, and government research laboratories. ]
SAES Getters - Provides getters used to maintain ultra high vacuum or to ensure high purity of gas used in industrial and scientific applications.
Meta Description: [ The SAES Getters Group is the world leader in a variety of scientific and industrial applications where stringent vacuum conditions or ultra-high pure gases are required.
Bringing a wealth of experience in special metallurgy and material science to the needs of the advanced material industry is ... ]
Scientific Instrument Services - All sorts and sizes of KF fittings. Technical explanations of KF and other types of fittings.
Sensistor Technology - Instruments for leak detection and leak location based on the hydrogen method.
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Squire-Cogswell Co. - Manufacturer and distributor of vacuum pumps, air compressors, and central systems. Includes product information, list of publications and company information.
Supplier of UHV and High Vacuum components. - Caburn UHV is a supplier of scientific components. Established in 1986 with the primary objective to service areas where UHV and High Vacuum components are used.
Supplier of UHV and High Vacuum components. - Allectra a young company born to offer an alternative to existing UHV and High Vacuum components suppliers.
Meta Description: [ Vakuum Komponenten, Durchführungen, CF, KF, ISO-K, vacuum components, feedthroughs, CF, KF, ISO-K ]
Surface - Customized UHV-cluster tool systems, pulsed laser deposition systems, hysitron nono tribology tools, triboindenter, triboscope, nano lab, nanoindentation systems and service.
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Systech Co. - Sytech provides power supply design and installation to PLC automation and mechanical engineering.
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Systems Design and Fabrication Inc. - Manufactures vacuum components and systems.
Tectra - Offers specifications on a mini electron beam evaporator.
Meta Description: [ mini e-beam evaporator (electron beam evaporator) for rod and crucible evaporation ]
Teledyne Hastings Instruments - Manufactures a line of vacuum instruments, transducers and vacuum gauge tubes.
Meta Description: [ Teledyne Hastings Instruments manufactures a complete line of Vacuum Instruments, Vacuum Sensors, Vacuum Gauge Tubes ]
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Temescal Systems - Equipment for e-beam evaporation of metals and other materials in vacuum deposition.
Meta Description: [ Thin film deposition systems available in configurations ranging from simple bell jars to load-locked, automatic cassette-to-cassette loading systems. ]
The LDS Vacuum Shopper - Manufacturer and distributor of all types of vacuum equipment and components.
The R. D. Mathis Company - Specializing in the manufacture of hi-vacuum evaporation sources for the thin film industry.
TOC HyVac - Vacuum pumps, accessories, vacuum oil, and ancillary vacuum equipment. They also carry Bell Jars for medium vacuum.
Torr International, Inc. - Thin film deposition and etching systems.
Meta Description: [ Torr International, Inc. Thin Film Systems - Magnetron Sputtering, Thermal, E-Beam, RIE, Plasma Processing, Compact Research Coaters, Targets, more... ]
Torr Scientific Ltd - Provide components, services and equipment for UHV and vacuum.
Meta Description: [ Torr Scientific are pecialists in vacuum related instrumentation & products, including coating for optics, EMC, and x-ray related fields. We also make scintillators and phosphor screens. This is our Home Page ]
Torrovap Ind. Inc. - Canadian manufacturers of custom high vacuum chambers and associated components for research and industrial applications. Fully designed, manufactured and helium leak tested on premises.
Meta Description: [ Manufacturers of Vacuum Chambers, Sputtering Systems and vacuum Hardware. For Research and R&D. Precision machining of Specialty and Exotic Materials. ]
Usha Compressors Pvt. Ltd. - Manufacturers of air cooled and water cooled twin lobe compressors.
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VacuFilm markets ion guns - The VacuFilm site gives details of three ion gun (ion beam) systems for use in ion-assisted evaporative, vacuum deposition of optical and other thin films.
Vacuum Equipment Service Co. (VESCO) - Parts and service for electron beam power supplies and electron beam guns.
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Vacuum Instrument Corporation - Designers and manufacturers of leak detectors, gas handling equipment, and leak detection systems.
Meta Description: [ Vacuum Instrument Corporation offers portable, console and fully automated leak-test solutions with ongoing applications support. ]
Vacuum Solutions Group, Inc. - Supplier of vacuum chambers and pumps, with associated parts and accessories. Includes descriptions of services and products.
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VBS Vacuum - Vacuum technology, analytical and laboratory equipment and maintenance service for labs.
Meta Description: [ VBS Vacuum Start page 1 ]
Welch Vacuum - Sold its first rotary vane pumps to laboratories over 100 years ago; they are now a standard feature in labs and industry.
West Technology Systems - Manufacturers of custom high vacuum systems including vacuum furnaces and ovens, helium leak detection systems, deposition systems and vacuum reservoir systems.
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WGI - Manufactures glass KF fittings and greaseless stopcocks as well as complete manifolds for laboratory purposes and neon manufacturing.
Meta Description: [ OmniTek specializes in automated measuring equipment with a focus on kinematic oil viscosity and moisture analysis in plastics. We supply our solutions throughout the world through our network of highly specialized distributors. ]
WME Incorporated. - Pumps, valves, fitting, controllers and other vacuum components, all very useful, hard-to-find parts and some odd ball parts too.
Zero K Designs - Designer of calibration and related systems. Includes a brief description of services and a chart of the pressure measurement and calibration hierarchy.
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