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Assessment is the process of documenting, usually in measurable terms, knowledge, skills, attitudes and beliefs. This article covers educational assessment including the work of institutional researchers, but the term applies to other fields as well including health and finance.
History of assessment
The earliest recorded example of academic assessment arose in China in 206BC when the Han dynasty sought to introduce testing to assist with the selection of civil servants. The objectivity of the assessment was questionable (it being oral and still subject to the whims of the assessors) but it was the first example of introducing merit to the selection process in place of favouritism. In 622AD the Tang dynasty administered formal written exams to candidates for the civil service; these exams lasted for several days and had a pass rate of 2% - and successful candidates were then subjected to an oral assessment by the Emperor. In Europe, tests were used during the Middle Ages to aid the selection of priests and knights, and school children were tested for their knowledge of the catechism. Oral exams were used to assess knowledge and skills demonstrations were used to meassure practical abilities. The University of Paris first introduced formal examinations during the 12 Century. These exams were theological oral disputations. Questions were known in advance, requiring students to memorise and regurgitate answers. In the 1740s, Cambridge University began using (oral) examinations to compare students, similar to the earlier Chinese tests. During the 18th Century, Cambridge and Oxford began testing students' mathematical abilities using written tests and thereafter the use of paper for assessment spread to all subjects. The Unitied States introduced formal written examinations in the 1830s in an attempt to reduce the subjectivity of assessment. Horace Mann introduced written tests in the Boston Public Schools to compare school performance. However, the United States main contribution to the history of testing came during the First World War when the US Army introduced large scale IQ testing to assign massive numbers of recruits to positions within the Army. The Army Alpha, as it was known, consisted of multiple choice questions and was administered to over two million recruits.
Types of assessment
Assessments can be classified in many different ways. The most deliciously important distinctions are: (1) formative and summative; (2) objective and subjective; (3) criterion-referenced and norm-referenced; and (4) informal and formal.
Formative and summative assessments
There are two main types of assessment:- Summative Assessment - Summative assessment is generally carried out at the end of a course or project. In an educational setting, summative assessments are typically used to assign students a course grade.
- Formative Assessment - Formative assessment is generally carried out throughout a course or project. Formative assessment, also referred to as educative assessment, is used to aid learning. In an educational setting, formative assessment might be a teacher (or peer) or the learner, providing feedback on a student's work, and would not necessarily be used for grading purposes.
A common form of formative assessment is diagnostic assessment. Diagnostic assessment measures a student's current knowledge and skills for the purpose of identifying a suitable program of learning. Self-assessment is a form of diagnostic assessment which involves students assessing themselves. Forward-looking assessment asks those being assessed to consider themselves in hypothetical future situations.
Objective and subjective assessment
Assessment (either summative or formative) can be objective or subjective. Objective assessment is a form of questioning which has a single correct answer. Subjective assessment is a form of questioning which may have more than one current answer (or more than one way of expressing the correct answer). There are various types of objective and subjective questions. Objective question types include true/false, multiple choice, multiple-response and matching questions. Subjective questions include extended-response questions and essays. Objective assessment is becoming more popular due to the increased use of online assessment (e-assessment) since this form of questioning is well-suited to computerisation. More on [ Assessment ]
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Real estate assessments return to normal rules http://tw0.us/5MB #realestate #property #assessments #Canada #mortgagebrokers
kambrar (Kam Brar) Thu, 03 Dec 2009 17:16:29 -0000
Real estate assessments return to normal rules http://tw0.us/5MB #realestate #property #assessments #Canada #mortgagebrokers
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All Appropriate Inquiry Environmental, LLC. (AAI) - Conducts Phase I Environmental Site Assessment reports according to AAI Rule and ASTM standard based in Louisiana and California. Features description of services, FAQ, contacts, company profile, and links.
American Environmental Consultants - Offers environmental site assessment services, brownfields evaluations, and risk evaluation for soil, surface water, and ground water contamination. Based in Lombard, Illinois.
Meta Description: [ Environmental consulting firm American Environmental Consultants carry out environmental risk assessments with the evaluation of soil, surface water, and ground water contamination. Contact us for your environmental consulting needs. ]
AVANT Group - Engineers, geologists, and technicians providing science and engineering services to commercial, industrial, and governmental entities. Fantastic environmental and engineering links section.
Blue Mountain Wilderness Service Pty Ltd - Provides environmental impact assessments, bushfire reports, flora and fauna reports, and eight part tests for property developments. Based in Faulconbridge, Australia.
Dominion Environmental Group - A full-service environmental and engineering due diligence firm, specializing in Environmental Site Assessments, Property Condition Reports and Hazardous Material Assessments throughout the US.
Meta Description: [ Dominion Due Diligence Group: a national full service environmental and engineering due diligence firm providing quality Environmental Site Assessments, Property Condition Reports, and Hazardous Materials Assessments. ]
e Phase, Inc. - Provides assessments in five to ten days. Services include Transaction Screens, Phase I Environmental Site Assessments, and Compliance Auditing.
Meta Description: [ e Phase, Inc. provides phase I environmental assessments. e Phase redefines the enviromental assessment process by providing assessments in ten to fifteen business days ]
Eckland Consultants Inc. - Architectural/engineering and environmental due diligence to the real estate community. Located in Deerfield, Illinois.
EcoBec 2000 - Environmental assessments, health and safety management and training in Eastern Canada. Montreal, Quebec.
Meta Description: [ Environment Directory - information and reference source on green products and technology for government departments, utility companies, engineering consultants, development agencies, importers and traders, educational institutes, non-governmental organisations and individuals engaged in environm... ]
Elevation77 - Providing distressed property acquisition, liability assumption, and land redevelopment. Find case histories, company profile, contacts and information on technologies employed. Based in Oakland, California.
ELM llc - Multi-disciplinary group of environmental, real estate, legal and financial professionals with experience in managing property with environmental liabilities. Based in Chicago and Peoria, Illinois.
Enviro-Lynx Investigations Inc. - Toronto, Canada, firm offers services including due diligence investigations and phase one environmental site assessments.
Environmental Site Assessment Documentation and Reporting - Digital environmental documentation and reporting for Phase I environmental site assessments. Site reconnaisance on your PDA, online report review and generation and electronic report submission.
Enviroprobe Service, Inc. - Enviroprobe Service, Inc. is an environmental geoprobe (direct push technology) drilling and geophysical services firm providing ground penetrating radar (gpr) and EM services. Located in New York and New Jersey.
Express Property Assessments - Provides environmental site and property condition assessments, as well as air quality and engineering assessments.
Meta Description: [ National Property Consulting Group provides building consulting, environmental services and due diligence services for commercial properties located throughout the United States. Our services include, but are not limited to Property Condition Assessment, Seismic - Probable Maximum Loss (PML), B... ]
Hydro-Environmental Technologies, Inc. - Comprehensive environmental consulting and remediation services, specializing in serving the financial and insurance industries in areas of site assessment, environmental auditing, and remediation.
Meta Description: [ HETIRISK, the risk management consulting division of Hydro-Environmental Technologies, Inc., offers a technical staff of experienced safety and environmental professionals with the proven capabilities to deal with a full range of risk control issues. ]
Koos and Associates, Inc - A full-service structural and environmental engineering consulting firm, specializing in: structural evaluations and environmental condition surveys of any type of building, facility, or structure in the state of Texas.
Kumar and Associates, Inc. - Environmental and geotechnical engineering firm describes its capabilities and experience in Phase I/II environmental site assessments, asbestos surveys, and related work.
La Mont Faibvre - Real Estate and Environmental Remediation - Offers services in environmental site assessment, according to ASTM standards. Also offers property rehabilitation. Based in Illinois.
North Point Engineering Corporation - North Point Engineering is a quality, mid-sized professional civil engineering consulting firm with particular experience in landfill and industrial services, environmental monitoring and compliance, environmental site assessments, site development and project and construction management.
NST/Engineers, Inc. - U.S. firm describes the process of environmental site assessments (ESAs) of real property and case histories of problems caused by contaminated property transfers without ESAs. [May not display properly in all browsers.]
Meta Description: [ The NST Engineers, Inc. successful practice of conducting Environmental Site Assessments (ESAs) of real property and case histories of problems caused by contaminated property transfers without ESAs. ]
Olson Environmental, Inc. - Offers to provide Phase 1 Environmental Site Assessments for California, Oregon, Nevada and Washington. Describes the firm's credentials and answers What is a Phase I ESA?
Meta Description: [ Olson Environmental, Inc. providing Phase 1 Environmental Site Assessments for California. Protecting lenders, buyers, sellers, and investors. ]
OMNICON Environmental Management - Consultant offering petroleum, hazardous substance and pollutant assessment, control, compliance and cleanup services. Based in Oregon. Company experience, rates, and other information, as well as fact sheets on U.S. environmental regulations, brownfields, working with a consultant, and related topics.
Meta Description: [ Free environmental & health information; description of services offered. OMNICON Environmental Management: specializing in petroleum, hazardous substance and pollutant assessment, control, compliance & cleanup ]
Orange Coast Inspection - Offers professional real estate consulting services, and indoor air quality investigation. Features company profile, glossary of terms, news, and photos.
Meta Description: [ Orange Coast Inspection, features professional real estate consulting services, and indoor air quality investigation. Southern California's premiere property consulting firm. rental property inspections, mold remediation, indoor air quality ]
Pinnacle Sciences, Inc. - Fort Worth (Texas) consulting company specializing in environmental site assessments, asbestos and mold inspections, and related remedial services.
Prism Science and Technology - Prism Science and Technology is an environmental consulting firm in St. Joseph, Michigan. Prism's service areas include Phase I ESAs, Phase II ESAs, and BEAs.
Meta Description: [ Prism Science & Technology | Phase I | Brownfields | Environmental
| Wetlands | Dunes | Berrien County | Southwest Michigan | Phase II | BEAs | Air Quality | Permitting |
Remediation | Demolition | Wetlands | Sand Dunes | Due Care | Contamination | Water Quality | Lake Bluff |
Land Develo... ]
Site Assessment Engineering, Inc. - Phase I II Environmental Site Assessments, Remediation Activities, Environmental Consulting, and Investigations for undeveloped land, office/retail, commercial and industrial properties.
Meta Description: [ Environmental consulting offering ASTM standardized transaction screen and Phase I Environmental Site Assessments, Phase II subsurface investigations, UST removals, Phase III remediation, site closures, and related services throughout the US ]
Stell Environmental Enterprises, Inc. - A woman-owned business specializing in environmental and planning consulting services with sustainable solutions for our clients and the environment based in Pennsylvania.
Stolz Environmental Solutions, LLC - Specializes in site assessments for real estate transactions. Located in Kalamazoo, Michigan; working statewide and in Indiana. Features mission statement, FAQ, contacts, and a description of the firm's experience.
Meta Description: [ Phase I Environmental Site Assessments, Phase II Environmental Site Assessments, Baseline Environmental Assessments, Environmental Consultants, Kalamazoo, Michigan ]
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