The term hyperspectral is found in military and remote sensing jargon and denotes, a sensor system observing a target in many spectral bands.
In remote sensing this is generally defined as a spectral sensor measuring radiance in 100 or more spectral bands which are contiguous. The individual bands usually have a spectral resolution of 1-20 nanometers, and spectral sensitivity generally ranges from 350 nm to 2500 nm, in other words, from the blue visible, through the near infrared to the thermal infrared.
The narrow bands in which radiance is measured, combined with the high number of bands allows detection of minute variations in the spectral signatures. This can for instance be used for the identification of minerals, the measurement of plant chemical composition or the approximation of water content in snow. The main application field is in mining, where mineral composition of the soil and rock formation is used to determine the potential presence of ores.
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