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Geology (from Greek γη- (ge-, "the earth") and λογος (logos, "word", "reason")) is the science and study of the solid matter of a celestial body, its composition, structure, physical properties, history and the processes that shape it. It is one of the Earth sciences. Geologists have helped establish the age of the Earth at about 4.6 billion (4.6x109) years, and have determined that the Earth's lithosphere, which includes the crust, is fragmented into tectonic plates that move over a rheic upper mantle (asthenosphere) via processes that are collectively referred to as plate tectonics. Geologists help locate and manage the earth's natural resources, such as petroleum and coal, as well as metals such as iron, copper, and uranium. Additional economic interests include gemstones and many minerals such as asbestos, perlite, mica, phosphates, zeolites, clay, pumice, quartz, and silica, as well as elements such as sulphur, chlorine, and helium.
Astrogeology refers to the application of geologic principles to other bodies of the solar system. However, specialised terms such as selenology (studies of the Moon), areology (of Mars), etc., are also in use.
The word "geology" was first used by Jean-André Deluc in the year 1778 and introduced as a fixed term by Horace-Bénédict de Saussure in the year 1779. An older meaning of the word was first used by Richard de Bury. He used it to distinguish between earthly and theological jurisprudence.
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Detrital zircon provenance of the Late Triassic Songpan-Ganzi complex: Sedimentary record of collision of the North and South China blocks
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Allexperts Geology - Geologists answer submitted questions about geology.
Meta Description: [ About AllExperts: expert guidance from real people helping to answer your questions ]
Earth Science World - American Geological Institute resources for teachers and students. Includes searchable database of earth images, geologic time scale, and interactive features.
Evolving Earth Foundation - Earth science and natural science resources, articles and online education.
Meta Description: [ The Evolving Earth Foundation is dedicated to earth science education and geology and paleotology research ]
Geography Site: Physical Geography - Illustrated descriptions and explanations of earthquakes, plate tectonics, glaciers and glacial landforms, and volcanoes and volcanic deposits, intended for students up to age 16, but suitable for a wider audience.
Meta Description: [ A comprehensive site for anyone exploring Geography, with online lessons, revision sheets, and hundreds of pages of useful, easy to read information about the geography topics you cover at school. Great for students, teachers and others interested in Geography. ]
Geological Society - General geology portal site, including links, products, and a discussion forum for professionals and students.
Geoscapes Photography - Geologic and natural history landscape photography of the western United States and Pacific islands.
Meta Description: [ Specializing in geologic and natural history landscape photography of the western United States. ]
Pangaea - An information system aimed at archiving, publishing and distributing data from global change research with special emphasis on geological, marine and environmental sciences.
Meta Description: [ PANGAEA is an information system to archive, publish and distribute data from Global Change research with special emphasis on paleoclimatic, marine and environmental sciences. ]
Photo Geo Gallery - Image gallery of European geology.
Planet Earth: An Introduction to Earth Sciences - Online text by Roger N. Anderson of Columbia University. Covers origins of the earth and life, plate tectonics, and formation and deformation of continents.
Strata: William Smith on the Web - Publications of the father of modern geology, who first drew a chart of the strata under the surface of the earth. Printable version of Smith's famous geologic map of England.
The Rock Pile - Geoscience Resources portal.
Walter Geology Library - Listing of virtual and on-line geologic field trip guidebooks.
Wieczorek, Jozef - Research on the geology of the Tatra mountains and other publications by this researcher.
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