Gourt > Science > Chemistry > History (8)
The history of chemistry may be said to begin with the distinction of chemistry from alchemy by Robert Boyle in his work The Sceptical Chymist (1661). Both alchemy and chemistry are concerned with the nature of matter and its transformations but, in contrast with alchemists, chemists apply the scientific method. The history of chemistry is intertwined with the history of thermodynamics, especially through the work of Willard Gibbs.
Early developments
Origins
Although the archives of chemical research draw upon work from ancient Babylon, Egypt, and especially Persia after Islam, the birth of chemistry is often dated to Antoine Lavoisier's discovery of the law of conservation of mass, and thereby to his refutation of the phlogiston theory of combustion in 1783. (Phlogiston was supposed to be an imponderable substance liberated by flammable materials in burning.) Mikhail Lomonosov independently established a tradition of chemistry in Russia in the 18th century. Lomonosov also rejected the phlogiston theory, and anticipated the kinetic theory of gases. He regarded heat as a form of motion, and stated the idea of conservation of matter.The vitalism debate and organic chemistry
After the nature of combustion (see oxygen) was settled, another dispute, about vitalism and the essential distinction between organic and inorganic substances, was revolutionized by Friedrich Wöhler's accidental synthesis of urea from inorganic substances in 1828. Never before had an organic compound been synthesized from inorganic material. This opened a new research field in chemistry, and by the end of the 19th century, scientists were able to synthesize hundreds of organic compounds. The most important among them are mauve, magenta, and other synthetic dyes, as well as the widely used drug aspirin. The discovery also contributed greatly to the theory of isomerism. More on [ History of chemistry ]
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RT @theballetbag: Xander Parish is ready to make history moving from Royal Ballet to Mariinsky: http://bit.ly/4MIr0E
GWDanceWriter (Graham Watts) Fri, 18 Dec 2009 11:51:21 -0000
RT @theballetbag: Xander Parish is ready to make history moving from Royal Ballet to Mariinsky: http://bit.ly/4MIr0E
Obama's key line at #Copenhagen: offering leaders the chance to make a "historic decision". No-one wants to be on the wrong side of history
edcrooksFT (Ed Crooks) Fri, 18 Dec 2009 11:51:21 -0000
Obama's key line at #Copenhagen: offering leaders the chance to make a "historic decision". No-one wants to be on the wrong side of history
The History of Nursing Scrubs http://bit.ly/7ywPyg
baiboa (Kulis Sara) Fri, 18 Dec 2009 11:51:17 -0000
The History of Nursing Scrubs http://bit.ly/7ywPyg
Jonas Ramalho, the name might not mean much, but he's set to make Spanish football history: http://www.kickitout.org/1020.php
kickitout (Kick It Out) Fri, 18 Dec 2009 11:49:50 -0000
Jonas Ramalho, the name might not mean much, but he's set to make Spanish football history: http://www.kickitout.org/1020.php
RT @hjames: Fascinating essay on the history of friendship: http://bit.ly/85O7tI (Via @zephoria) // FB should be "AcquaintanceBook"
markcahill (Mark Cahill) Fri, 18 Dec 2009 11:30:09 -0000
RT @hjames: Fascinating essay on the history of friendship: http://bit.ly/85O7tI (Via @zephoria) // FB should be "AcquaintanceBook"
RT @TheKotel: what a terrible crime against the Jewish people, victims and survivors of the Holocaust, and human history as a whole http ...
Gigib88 (Sagi) Fri, 18 Dec 2009 10:29:01 -0000
RT @TheKotel: what a terrible crime against the Jewish people, victims and survivors of the Holocaust, and human history as a whole http ...
A and B Scott Science History - History of development of atomic theory and periodic table; links from each scientist named to primary sources and more extensive biographical material.
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American Chemical Society - Division of the History of Chemistry. Includes information on membership, resources, and links to related sites.
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Atomic Structure Timeline - Presents the history of discoveries about the structure of matter. Created by Lee Buescher, Science Department, Watertown High School, Watertown, Wisconsin.
Meta Description: [ The major experiments and discoveries related to atomic structure are shown in this timeline. ]
Beckman Center - The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center for the History of Chemistry has the goal of supporting basic research in the history of the chemical sciences and to sponsor events of interest to scholars and the informed public.
Meta Description: [ The Beckman Center for the History of Chemistry conducts historical and educational programs, preserves the material culture of the chemical sciences and industries, and supports scholarship. ]
Biographies of Famous Chemists - Links to biographies of over 200 people who have advanced and refined the field of chemistry. A section of the WWW Virtual Library.
Meta Description: [ Links for Chemists (1995-2006) is an index of Chemistry resources on the WWW, this section covers biographies of chemists and scientists who made contributions to this field ]
Case Histories of Drug Discovery - Society for Medicines Research symposium, Case Histories of Drug Discovery, now available online RealAudio webcast.
Meta Description: [ Drug symposium organized by Society for Medicines Research, drug discovery of infliximab, zanamivir, olanzapine, alosetron, leflunomide and celecoxib. ]
Classic Chemistry - Provides texts of several classic papers from the history of chemistry and links to related sites. Maintained by Carmen Giunta of Le Moyne College.
Classic Papers from the History of Chemistry - Virtual library for the history of science, technology and medicine. Includes the full-text of more than 30 articles by authors including Priestley, Faraday, Davy, Rutherford and Thomson. Also a few historical and biographical articles, and a fairly extensive photo gallery.
Detergent Chemistry: History - A history of synthetic detergents and of the synthetic detergent industry.
Meta Description: [ The synthetic detergent industry is not shrouded in the veils of history as were the beginnings of the soap industry, it is nevertheless not easy to pinpoint exactly when the detergent industry, as such, came into being. ]
Early Ideas in the History of Quantum Chemistry. - Biographies of people involved in the early ideas of quantum chemistry, including interviews with fifteen of these people.
Elemental and Molecular Heritage: An Internet-Based Display - A heavily hyperlinked virtual museum showing samples (and explaining the historical value) of chemicals, compounds, or elements which were made in the lab well over 100 years ago.
Famous Scientists - Links to biographies of those who greatly contributed to electrochemistry and related fields, particularly to the physical theory of electricity and electronics.
History and Philosophy of Alchemy - 90 megabytes online of information on alchemy in all its facets. Though alchemy is neither chemistry nor a science, it is a historical precursor to scientific chemistry as studied in schools today.
History of Chemical Engineering - A chemical engineering timeline, with digressions into other topics as a reference in time.
History of Chemistry - A topical and biographical history produced by the 1992 Woodrow Wilson Summer Institute in Chemistry.
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History of Chemistry Index - Links to biographies of many honored chemists and some physicists, biographical collections, classic papers in chemistry, and history of science sites.
Lichen Purple - The history and chemistry of orcein, orchil, litmus, parelle and French purple with extensive bibliography.
Meta Description: [ the origin, history and chemistry of purple dyes from lichens ]
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Mark Rosen's Biographies Links - Biographies of famous scientists and chemists.
National Historic Chemical Landmarks - Key discoveries and places, compiled by the American Chemical Society.
Meta Description: [ ACS National Historical Chemical Landmarks Program celebrates the places and stories related to the development of chemistry as a science. It highlight the key roles chemists played in expanding frontiers of knowledge, advancing medicine and indsutry, and creating products from aspirin to zippers. ]
Nobel Prizes in Chemistry - A listing of Nobel Prize winners in chemistry from 1901 to 1999.
Othmer Library of Chemical History - sources from the 16th century on the history of the chemical sciences and technologies.
Radioactivity: Historical Figures - Focuses on four primary figures in the development of the understanding of nuclear structure and radioactivity, namely Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, Antoine Henri Becquerel, Marie Sklodowska Curie, and Ernest Rutherford.
Rediscovery of the Elements - Photo tour of the places in Europe and North America where each of the chemical elements was first discovered.
Meta Description: [ Rediscovery of the elements is a visual tour of the original sites of the discovery of the chemical elements. ]
Schoenberg Center for Electronic Text and Image - The Edgar Fahs Smith Image Collection contains over 3,000 images of scientists, laboratories, and scientific apparatus. A selection of these prints, engravings, and photographs is reproduced on this site. Photographs of any of these images may be ordered from an on-line order form.
Selected Classic Papers from the History of Chemistry - Extensive collection of interesting and important papers.
Society for the History of Alchemy and Chemistry (SHAC) - Information on how to join the Society, its activities, journal and conferences.
The Chemical Heritage Foundation - A non-profit foundation dedicated to preserving and making known the history of the chemical sciences.
Meta Description: [ Dedicated to preserving and promoting the history of chemistry, The Chemical Heritage Foundation's world-class collections include instruments and apparatus, rare books, fine art, and the personal papers of prominent scientists, all related to the chemical and molecular sciences. CHF hosts confe... ]
The History and Chemistry of Murexide Dye - Text derived from Scheele, Prout, Liebig and Wohler.
Meta Description: [ the history and chemistry of purple murexide dye made from guano derived uric acid ]
The History of Chemical Engineering - Contains an introduction to chemical engineering and a brief history of the profession.
Meta Description: [ Great Info! Welcome to our History of Chemical Engineering. We think you will like what you find... ]
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The Search for the Tiniest Particle of Matter - A short description of the development of ideas about the ultimate particles of matter since the beginning of scientific thought.
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This Week in Chemical History - Annotated calendar noting both the people and the events related to various dates.
Meta Description: [ This Week in chemical history ]
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