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Computer software (or simply software) is the programs and procedures that enable a computer to perform a specific task, as opposed to the physical components of the system (hardware). This includes application software such as a word processor, which enables a user to perform a task, and system software such as an operating system, which enables other software to run properly, by interfacing with hardware and with other software.

The term "software" was first used in this sense by John W. Tukey in 1957. In computer science and software engineering, computer software is all information processed by computer systems, programs and data. The concept of reading different sequences of instructions into the memory of a device to control computations was invented by Charles Babbage as part of his difference engine. The theory that is the basis for most modern software was first proposed by Alan Turing in his 1935 essay Computable numbers with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem. Hally, Mike (2005:79). Electronic brains/Stories from the dawn of the computer age. British Broadcasting Corporation and Granta Books, London. ISBN 1-86-207663-4.

Relationship to hardware


Computer software is so called in contrast to computer hardware, which encompasses the physical interconnections and devices required to store and execute (or run) the software. In computers, software is loaded into RAM and executed in the central processing unit. At the lowest level, software consists of a machine language specific to an individual processor. A machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions (object code), which change the state of the computer from its preceding state. Software is an ordered sequence of instructions for changing the state of the computer hardware in a particular sequence. It is generally written in high-level programming languages that are easier and more efficient for humans to use (closer to natural language) than machine language. High-level languages are compiled or interpreted into machine language object code. Software may also be written in an assembly language, essentially, a mnemonic representation of a machine language using a natural language alphabet. Assembly language must be assembled into object code via an assembler.

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404 DeCyder - ImageMaster 2D Platinum has scripting tools to facilitate automated gel analysis and is powered by Melanie. Decyder was made specifically for 2D DIGE analysis.

404 Phoretix - High-level 2D gel analysis software that aims to be fully automate analyses. The INCA algorithm reduces noise prior to spot detection.
Meta Description: [ Nonlinear Dynamics develop bioinformatics software for 1D and 2D gel electrophoresis analysis and data-mining used in proteomics and genomics research. Distributed as Phoretix, Progenesis, Progenera and TotalLab, the products lead the Life Science industry. ]

Protecs - Produce dual channel images of 2D gels from different experiments or samples to show differences and similarities between two gels. Runs on Windows, Macintosh, and Linux.
Meta Description: [ software tools for functional genomics, proteomics. ]

404 Alpha Gel Fox - Features two methods of molecular weights and pI determination, automatic or semi-automatic matching spots between gels, and several data tables.
Meta Description: [ Manufacturer of microarray scanners and readers, gel documentation systems, fluorescence and chemiluminescence imaging systems, macroarray and microarray imaging systems. ]

BioNumerics 2D - 2D gel analysis software that includes databasing, querying, and statistical analysis tools.
Meta Description: [ Bionumerics 2D - 2D Gel Analysis Software ]

CAROL - Offers point-pattern-matching for the analysis of 2D gel images. Java client application can be used directly from an internet browser or can be downloaded. Interfaces with the gelmatching server via the internet.

404 Gel-Pro Analyzer - 1D gel analysis software designed by Media Cybernetics Inc. and molecular biologists for intuitive, easy-to-use analysis.

Gel-Quant - 1D gel image analysis software for Windows.
Meta Description: [ Gel-Quant Electrophoresis Image Analysis Software. ]

404 GELLAB II+ - 2D gel analysis software for Windows. Scanalytics Inc. also offers Gene Profiler, 1Dscan EX, and DNAscan for Windows and ONE-Dscan for Macintosh.
Meta Description: [ BD Biosciences Bioimaging specializes in scientific image processing software for microscopy and deconvolution for Microsoft Windows. ]

GelScape - A free, platform-independent program to analyzing standard 1D and 2D protein gels. Users can calculate spot intensity, prepare HTML image maps and archive annotated gels to a public database using a standard web browser interface.

Impressionist - Analyzes the quality of proteomics data and lets you set quality parameters to ensure data reliability throughout your experiments. Is easily installed on a server so that data from 2D gel experiments can be accessed on your Intranet using a web browser.
Meta Description: [ Supporting the entire drug discovery and development process ]

404 Investigator HT Analyzer - 2D gel analysis software that can provide data to an Investigator ProPic robotic workstation for protein excision. HT Analyzer Evolution works with HT Analyzer to enable batch processing for higher throughput analysis.

MCID Elite - Comprehensive and flexible bioscience image acquisition and analysis system. Image analysis software for autoradiography, densitometry, fluorescence, montaging, gels and stereology.
Meta Description: [ The most comprehensive and flexible bioscience image acquisition and analysis system. Image analysis software solutions for autoradiography, densitometry, fluorescence, montaging, gels and stereology. ]

Melanie - Analyzes, annotates, and queries 2D gel samples for DNA and proteomic applications. Has recently been acquired by Amersham Biosciences and incorporated into ImageMaster 2D Platinum.

NCI Flicker - A Java applet which reads two images from the Internet and then displays them in the your Web browser. It allows you to enhance them in various ways and to compare them visually in a third window called the flicker window.

Open2Dprot - Open source quantitative proteomics database software for data mining and analysis of 2D gels. Will be based on the Unix version of the NCI GELLAB-II image analysis software.
Meta Description: [ Open2Dprot n-dimensional quantitative proteomics data database software for data mining and visualization analysis. ]

ProFINDER 2D - Software from Perkin Elmer featuring high sensitivity, improved consistency, improved level of automation, and powerful data visualization.

404 Proteomweaver - Gel analysis software that uses a step-by-step wizard to guide users through an analysis. Also features the concept of super-spots to connect matched spots in different gels and perform a database-wide comparison of spot expression levels changes.

Proteoscope - Fully featured and automated 2D gel analysis software for Windows.

TotalLab - Software for 1D and 2D densitometry of gel patterns, blots, microtitre plates and colony counting.
Meta Description: [ TotalLab for 1-D and 2-D densitometry of gel patterns, blots, microtitre plates and colony counting. ]

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