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Computer software (or simply software) is the programs and procedures that enable a computer to perform a specific task, as opposed to the physical components of the system (hardware). This includes application software such as a word processor, which enables a user to perform a task, and system software such as an operating system, which enables other software to run properly, by interfacing with hardware and with other software.
The term "software" was first used in this sense by John W. Tukey in 1957. In computer science and software engineering, computer software is all information processed by computer systems, programs and data. The concept of reading different sequences of instructions into the memory of a device to control computations was invented by Charles Babbage as part of his difference engine. The theory that is the basis for most modern software was first proposed by Alan Turing in his 1935 essay Computable numbers with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem. Hally, Mike (2005:79). Electronic brains/Stories from the dawn of the computer age. British Broadcasting Corporation and Granta Books, London. ISBN 1-86-207663-4.
Relationship to hardware
Computer software is so called in contrast to computer hardware, which encompasses the physical interconnections and devices required to store and execute (or run) the software. In computers, software is loaded into RAM and executed in the central processing unit. At the lowest level, software consists of a machine language specific to an individual processor. A machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions (object code), which change the state of the computer from its preceding state. Software is an ordered sequence of instructions for changing the state of the computer hardware in a particular sequence. It is generally written in high-level programming languages that are easier and more efficient for humans to use (closer to natural language) than machine language. High-level languages are compiled or interpreted into machine language object code. Software may also be written in an assembly language, essentially, a mnemonic representation of a machine language using a natural language alphabet. Assembly language must be assembled into object code via an assembler. More on [ Computer software ]
Software :: Data Acquisition and Control
Artificial Life
Online Services :: Bioinformatics
Landscape Ecology and Spatial Analysis :: Ecology
Software :: Evolution
Software :: Genetics
Field Biology :: Products and Services
Software :: Biology
Software :: Taxonomy
Evaluation and Monitoring :: Biodiversity
Software :: Informatics
Software :: Products and Services
Software :: Statistics
Software :: Geographic Information Systems
Contract Web/Software Applications Tester.Manual.Stockport: Leading insurance systems product integrator, urgently ... http://bit.ly/5dtpa9
jobsinstockport (Jobs in Stockport) Sat, 19 Dec 2009 07:33:26 -0000
Contract Web/Software Applications Tester.Manual.Stockport: Leading insurance systems product integrator, urgently ... http://bit.ly/5dtpa9
Software Developer ( C#, .NET, SQL ) - Nottingham: Applications / Software Developer ( C#, .NET, SQL, SharePoint, W... http://bit.ly/6khFTU
jobsnnottingham (Jobs in Nottingham) Sat, 19 Dec 2009 07:33:17 -0000
Software Developer ( C#, .NET, SQL ) - Nottingham: Applications / Software Developer ( C#, .NET, SQL, SharePoint, W... http://bit.ly/6khFTU
Head of Software Applications - South Wales: A Senior Manager is required to join this international organisation t... http://bit.ly/7q52wj
jobsinswansea (Jobs in Swansea) Sat, 19 Dec 2009 07:33:15 -0000
Head of Software Applications - South Wales: A Senior Manager is required to join this international organisation t... http://bit.ly/7q52wj
Derrick Van Dyke is giving away his list-building software for free at http://TwitterListBuilder.com/tracksandtrails
tracksandtrails (TracksAndTrails) Sat, 19 Dec 2009 07:33:15 -0000
Derrick Van Dyke is giving away his list-building software for free at http://TwitterListBuilder.com/tracksandtrails
Mac-Apple MacOS: So when it comes DVD software and stuff... Are you better off with PC? http://forum.techgle.com/showthread.php?t=777776
techgle_mac (MAC Zone) Sat, 19 Dec 2009 07:33:13 -0000
Mac-Apple MacOS: So when it comes DVD software and stuff... Are you better off with PC? http://forum.techgle.com/showthread.php?t=777776
Software-General Discussion: Can any sign into there @msn.com account? http://forum.techgle.com/showthread.php?t=416780
techglesoftware (Software Zone) Sat, 19 Dec 2009 07:33:06 -0000
Software-General Discussion: Can any sign into there @msn.com account? http://forum.techgle.com/showthread.php?t=416780
Across Trophic Level System Simulation - A simulation system for the Everglades and Big Cypress Swamp (USA).
ADE-4 - Exploratory and Euclidean methods in Environmental sciences.
Meta Description: [ Web page of ADE4 on PBIL ]
Biota - Microbial Ecology Resources' software; this particular item will run simulations of multiple species in a specific environment. Most variables can be manipulated.
Biovol - Program for calculating the volumes, surface areas, and surface to volume ratios of diatoms.
CODA: Conservation Options and Decisions Analysis - CODA is a free software package for nature conservation planning.
Meta Description: [ CODA is a free software package for nature conservation planning written and distributed by Michael Bedward mbedward@ozemail.com.au ]
CyberTracker - Free software for data collection and analysis in ecological and environmental field work.
Meta Description: [ CyberTracker Software integrated for the use of tracking animals, birds, insects and other creatures in the animal kingdom through the latest in modern science and technology - an ancient art in a modern world. ]
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Didg Information Systems - Mobile, desktop and internet information systems for recording, identifying and brokering plant and animal observations.
Diversidad - Scans digital earth images and automatically identifies areas with both high and low biodiversity.
EcoBeaker - Ecology teaching software - Simulation software for teaching ecology, conservation biology, and evolution. Also makes individual-based research models.
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Ecological Software Solutions - Software for biology, ecology, geography, wildlife fisheries and the environmental sciences.
Ecology Educational Software - Free educational software for college-level ecology courses plus links to many additional software sites.
Ecomaster and Cascoly Critters - Software: Ecology and biology simulations for all ages
Meta Description: [ Cascoly Space,
Biology, Ecology puzzle games: ]
ECOSIM : Ecosystem Simulation - Information and links concerning ecological modeling and application of simulation to ecology.
Ecotools - Information about tools to support the modelling and simulation of individual-oriented ecological models.
Environmental Design Making - Microbial Ecology Resources' software designed for students. Allows students to create ecosystems to gain understandings of ecosystem functionality and productivity.
Forager - PC software for feeding behavior simulation, calculation, and tabular and graphical presentation for publication.
Meta Description: [ Amber Waves Software - Providing Custom Software for Research, Education and Business ]
Fossil Creek Software - Describes and offers POP-II and POP-III population dynamics software, which is used by government and university wildlife biologists to simulate the dynamics of deer, elk, moose and other large animal populations.
Meta Description: [ POP-II is a simulation program used primarily by applied wildlife biologists to simulate the dynamics of large mammal populations, typically deer, elk, moose, etc.. The simulation model is also used in teaching college-level natural resources classes. Use by applied wildlife managers is directed ... ]
Gecko - Yale software; downloadable demo available for this software. Designed to teach ecosystem dynamics to advanced ecology students.
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GRASP - Generalized Regression Analysis and Spatial Predictions - Downloadable S-Plus plugin to automate spatial predictions using regression analysis.
Jensen Software Systems - MultiTrace analyzes data origined from various data-loggers (e.g. TDR).
KiteGraph - KiteGraph illustrates growth patterns of animal populations in kite diagrams.
KrebsWin - Programs from Ecological Methodology by Charles J. Krebs, compiled to run under Windows 3.x and Windows 9x.
LemnaTec Image Processing - Bio-testing for potentially hazardous substances using image processing of cultured Lemna.
Meta Description: [ Lemna Tec Bildverarbeitung in der Biologie, Ökotoxikologie und Pflanzenphysiologie, Colonie Counter, Lemna, Biotests, Bildanalyse, Image Processing, Analytik, biologie, Duckweed, Lemna, Lemnatec, lemna, Biotest, Bioassay, DIN, ISO, OECD, EC50, Statistik, growth, inhibition, statistics, BIostat, ... ]
MjM Software Design - PC-ORD software for multivariate statistical analysis of ecological communities, including cluster analysis, ordination, and species diversity.
Meta Description: [ Software for multivariate statistical analysis of ecological communities for PC-compatibles, including cluster analysis, ordination, and species diversity. Software for nonparametric multiplicative regression, creating habitat models and other species responses to environmental factors and distu... ]
Oakleaf Systems - Simulations of data based upon relationships presented in the journal Ecology, with 25 different simulations for each journal volume.
Patuxent Software Archive - Site contains software for ecological management, including tagging game and ecosystem analysis.
Meta Description: [ Patuxent ecological applications software ]
Pisces Conservation Ltd - Information about ecological software and consultancy services.
Meta Description: [ An independent ecological consultancy and software house, specialists in software for ecological and environmental analysis and recording ]
Pollen-based Climate Reconstruction - Windows software that provides quantitative climate reconstruction from pollen spectral datasets.
Meta Description: [ Computer programs for pollen-based
climate reconstruction ]
Population Ecology - Online quantitative population ecology lectures and population model and data information.
Populus - Simulations of Population Biology - Software containing set of simulations used to teach population biology and evolutionary ecology at the University of Minnesota. Freely downloadable for educational use.
Program Distance - Distance is a software program designed for the analysis of distance sampling data, to estimate density and abundance of a population.
Meta Description: [ Program Distance home page. Distance is a software program designed for the analysis of distance sampling data, to estimate density and abundance of a population. ]
RAMAS Ecological and Environmental Software - Offers software for ecology, conservation biology, wildlife management, and human health risk analysis. Data analysis for endangered and threatened species, models of extinction risk assessment linked to geographic information systems.
Meta Description: [ Risk analysis for egineering, human health, and the evironment. Environmental education software. Data analysis for endangered and threatened species. Models of extinction risk assessment linked to geographic information systems. ]
RHABSIM - RHABSIM (Riverine HABitat SIMuation) is a fully integrated program for river hydraulics and aquatic habitat modeling using the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (IFIM). Running in Microsoft Windows and DOS, it is an extensive conversion of the PHABSIM hydraulic and habitat simulation system developed by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Meta Description: [ Fishery Consultants and publishers of RHABSIM and StreamTemp for Windows ]
Simfor - A decision support tool designed to help managers and researchers evaluate the impacts of forest harvesting scenarios against landscape and habitat indicators.
Meta Description: [ Welcome to SIMFOR, a decision support tool developed at the University
of British Columbia to facilitate the evaluation of harvesting impacts on wildlife habitat. This site includes
a free download of the software and related documentation. ]
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The Swarm Simulation System - The Swarm Simulation System, created by The Sante Fe Institute, can be used both as a simulation tool for artificial life and ecological models and ecosystems.
Wa-Tor for Windows - Site offers a population ecology simulation game pitting sharks against fish. The populations may fluctuate or may go extinct, depending on the initial parameters and subsequent random events.
Wildlife Counts - Software to help estimate populations of birds and fish in an ecosystem.
Meta Description: [ A training program for counting wildlife. ]
Wildlife Ecology Software - A clearing-house for wildlife ecology related software, for applications such as habitat analysis, diversity indices, simulations, general population dynamics, capture/recapture, survival, energetics, statistics, home range, and telemetry.
Meta Description: [ This site continues to develope as a
clearinghouse for wildlife ecology related software. We solicit programs
within many categories for inclusion at this site: habitat analysis,
diversity indices, simulation, general population dynamics, capture/recapture,
survival, energetics, statistic... ]
WorldMap - Software for exploring geographical patterns in diversity, rarity and conservation priorities from large biological datasets.
Meta Description: [ Measuring biodiversity value & selecting priority areas for conservation ]
WWW-Server for Ecological Modelling - Information about ecological modelling (simulation models, descriptions of these models, simulation-software, data sources and other information about modelling). Many ecological models available for downloading; researchers are invited to upload their models here to make them available to others.
Meta Description: [ WWW-Server for Ecological Modelling ]
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