A toxin (Gk.toxikon "(poison) for use on arrows,") is a poisonous substance produced by living cells or organisms. Toxins are nearly always proteins that are capable of causing disease on contact or absorption with body tissues by interacting with biological macromolecules such as enzymes or cellular receptors. Toxins vary greatly in their severity, ranging from usually minor and acute (as in a beesting) to almost immediately deadly (as in botulinum toxin).
Biotoxins vary greatly in purpose and mechanism, and can be highly complex (the venom of the cone snail contains dozens of small proteins, each targeting a specific nerve channel or receptor), or relatively small protein.
Use
Biotoxins are used in nature for two primary reasons:
Botanical Dermatology Database - An electronic re-incarnation of Botanical Dermatology by John Mitchell and Arthur Rook.
Natural Toxins: A Journal - Publish original research papers and critical review articles on the occurrence, isolation, identification, and characterization of natural products with toxic activities. Particular emphasis will be placed on evaluating the significance of the effects of such toxicants on humans.
404Naturally Occurring Toxic Factors - List of abstracts of the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service.
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The Toxic Amanita - Fact sheet outlining the poisonous aspects of the Amanita family of mushrooms.