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An estuary is a semi-enclosed coastal body of water which has a free connection with the open sea and within which seawater mixes with fresh water. The key feature of an estuary is that it is a mixing place for sea water and a stream or river to supply fresh water. A tide is a necessary force to maintain a dynamic relationship between the two waters. Though something in the nature of an estuary can exist in a non-tidal sea, such areas go by names such as lagoon, étang or laguna. In non-tidal seas, the rivers naturally form deltas rather than estuaries.

An estuary is typically the tidal mouth of a river, and estuaries are often characterised by sedimentation of silt carried in from terrestrial runoff. Estuaries are more likely to occur on submerged coasts, where the sea level has risen in relation to the land, as this process floods valleys to form rias and fjords. These can become estuaries if there is a stream or river flowing into them.

The Estuary is also a term used to describe the region of the River Thames and adjoining communities east of Central London in the United Kingdom. The term Estuary English is frequently used to describe the accent of the people in this region, though it has since spread across South East England. It is sometimes mistaken for the Cockney accent by listeners unfamiliar with the varieties.

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Freshwater :: Aquatic Ecology
Marine :: Aquatic Ecology
Coastal :: Ecosystems
Wetlands :: Ecosystems
Coastal :: Geomorphology
Oceanography :: Earth Sciences
Wetlands :: Water Resources
Coastal and Oceans :: Ecosystems and Habitats
Rivers, Lakes and Watersheds :: Ecosystems and Habitats

 
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Alabama Center for Estuarine Studies - Studies the global pervasiveness of human induced changes to the estuarine ecosystem.

404 Chesapeake Bay Land Margin Ecosystem Research - This project investigates the mechanisms affecting secondary production of estuarine ecosystems.

Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve in Virginia - Ecological site for long-term estuarine research and monitoring.

Chesapeake Bay Program - The regional partnership that's been leading and directing the restoration of the Chesapeake Bay since 1983.
Meta Description: [ Chesapeake Bay Program - Information, data, maps, and publications about the Chesapeake Bay, the Chesapeake Bay Ecosystem, and the Chesapeake Bay Program. ]

Clean Estuary Partnership - Our mission is to use sound science, adaptive management, and public collaboration to develop and implement sustainable water quality improvements for San Francisco Bay.

Coast Alliance - This is a conservation organization that educates the public and protects coastal habitats. Press releases, newsletters, and reports available on polluted runoff, coastal development and contaminated sediments.

Coastal America Partnership National Web Site - Coastal America is a partnership among federal, state and local governments and private alliances to collaboratively address environmental problems along our nation's shoreline.

Coastal Eelgrass Habitats of Rhode Island - Interactive maps of Rhode Island eelgrass habitats, with downloadable GIS data, and policy and regulations pertaining to seagrass in RI.

Coastal Marsh Project - The purpose of the Project was to analyze the surface condition of coastal marshes and detect areas that were at risk for rapid loss of land area.

Dynamics Of The Salt Marsh - A introduction to salt marshes, their dynamics and biology, and the importance of their conservation.

Ecology of The Intertidal And Subtidal Areas of Otter Island - Classification of different zones of the estuary and the various physical processes which occur.

Ecology - Habitats - Salt Marsh and Estuary - From Neartica-the complete gateway to the natural world of North America.

Elkhorn Slough Foundation - Nonprofit organization working to preserve the slough in Monterey county in California. Includes natural history, research and education projects.
Meta Description: [ This is the official website of the Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve and the Elkhorn Slough Foundation - partners working for conservation in the Monterey Bay. ]

Estuary-Net Project - National Estuarine Research Reserve's Estuary-Net Project. A telecommunications project supporting the development of coastal non-point source pollution education programs.

404 Florida Bay References - Listing of books dealing with estuarine ecology, with particular emphasis on the Florida Bay region.

Gulf Estuarine Research Society - An organization for people interested in estuarine and coastal issues centering on the Gulf of Mexico.

ICEM Research Theme - Description of the JEI's research theme on integrated coastal and estuarine management (ICEM); Thames Estuary Project.
Meta Description: [ This page outlines several research projects in which Peter JS Jones is involved concerning the governance of marine protected areas (MPAs). ]

Indian River Lagoon - Learn about the numerous plants and animals that inhabit this important ecosystem, as well as the impact from humans. Newsletter covers current conditions of the lagoon.
Meta Description: [ Indian River Lagoon National Estuary Program (IRLNEP). This is the home page of topics associated with the SJRWMD's Indian River Lagoon National Estuary Program. ]

Lost Wetlands - A study of the loss, and containment of, the coastal wetland habitat along Louisiana's coast.

404 LOTSE/Web-Menutree (Coastal ecosystems) - Land/Ocean Thematic Search Engine

404 Mangrove Action Project - A nonprofit organization, dedicated to the protection of the world's mangrove forest ecosystems.

Morro Bay National Estuary Program - Supports the most significant wetland system on California's south-central coast which provides habitat for a number of endangered and/or threatened species.

National Estuarine Research Reserve - U.S. network of protected areas for investigation of the health of the nation's estuaries and coastal habitats. Includes profiles of the reserves and information about research and monitoring.

National Estuarine Research Reserve System Centralized Data Management Office - Source for monitoring data from the U.S. nationwide estuary-research network.

National Estuary Program - Information about US government efforts to restore coastal water quality and habitats.
Meta Description: [ The National Estuaries Program home page. ]

NetCoast - Guide for Integrated Coastal Zone Management - A platform for cooperation and transfer of information on the sustainable management of coastal resources.
Meta Description: [ You’ll find information here about Integrated Coastal (Zone Management with related subjects. ]

NOAA Coastal Services Center - Their mission is to foster and sustain the environmental and economic well being of the nation's coast by linking people, information, and technology.
Meta Description: [ The NOAA Coastal Services Center is an office within the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) devoted to serving the nation's state and local coastal resource management programs by "linking people, information, and technology" for coastal related issues. ]

North Carolina National Estuarine Research Reserve - Four coastal reserves operating as living laboratories for research, education and management. A cooperative program between the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources/Division of Coastal Management and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (USA).

Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management - Their mission is to achieve the conservation and responsible management of coastal and ocean ecosystems. The Division provides technical, programmatic and financial assistance and advocates comprehensive resource management.

Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds - Protecting coastal watersheds and marine resources.
Meta Description: [ Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds - site also contains information about Nonpoint source pollution, volunteer monitoring, and TMDLs. Find my watershed. what watershed do I live in? what watershed am in? where is my watershed? ]

404 Online Resources - Wetland Resources - Various links to groups, organizations relating to Wetland/Estuarine habitat.

Oregon Estuary Plan Book - Study about all of the various estuaries in Oregon.

Red Tides in Western Gulf of Maine - Describes U.S. Geological Survey studies on sources, transport, and nutrient environment for these phytoplankton blooms, which can be harmful.
Meta Description: [ USGS - USGS Woods Hole Science Center Description of Research Project Concerning the Sources, Transport, and Nutrient Environment ]

Restoration and Creation of Saltmarshes and Other Intertidal Habitats - Information on created saltmarshes in the UK, and an extensive bibliography of published work.

Restore America's Estuaries - A national coalition of 11 regional, coastal community-based environmental organizations with a combined membership of over 250,000 citizens.

Riverine and Coastal Ecology - Seagrass research in the Netherlands.

Salvage a Salt Marsh - Canadian Wildlife Federation. A list of suggested plants for restoration of salt marshes in Canada.

Sewri Mangrove Park: Mumbai pages - Essential to the ecology of the coast and this island off the Indian coast, steps have been taken to protect this resource.

Southeastern Estuarine Research Society (SEERS) - Objectives are the informal discussion and exchange of ideas dealing with estuarine and related research problems, related to the southeastern United States.
Meta Description: [ Official web page of the Southeastern Estuarine Research Society (SEERS) ]

The Ecology of Salt Marsh Communities - A short bibliography of references on salt marsh plant communities.

The Hudson River Estuary Program - Information about this major estuarine system of New York state and activities to study and protect it.
Meta Description: [ Former website of the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation ]

The National Wetlands Inventory - Produces information on the characteristics, extent, and status of USA wetlands and deepwater habitats.
Meta Description: [ National Wetlands Inventory Home Page. The National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) of the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service produces information on the characteristic, extent, and status of the National Wetlands and deepwater habitats. In addition, we provide wetland maps, status maps, Wetlands Mappe... ]

The Terrene Institute - Working to improve our nation's environment by building societal consensus for innovative and sustainable environmental solutions. The Terrene Institute promotes sustainable solutions through education and outreach programs that effect change in individual behavior, corporate stewardship and public policy.

Tidal Wetland Ecology of Long Island Sound - An introduction to tidal wetland communities around Long Island including salt marshes. Provides a general description of salt marsh ecology, the plants and animals, and the relationships between them.

Volunteer Monitoring - Environmental Protection Agency. A manual specifically designed for volunteers to assist in monitoring the environmental health of estuaries.
Meta Description: [ Environmental Protection Agency's Monitoring and Assessing Water Quality website. ]

Western Australian Mangrove Page - Provide information on techniques and other information relating to research and access to the Mangrove Grey Literature Bibliography, a searchable database of related documents which have not made it into the primary literature.

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Ribbon-cutting ceremonies for MGCCC'S EEC at the JC Campus ...
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