Gourt > Science > Biology > Cell Biology > Signal Transduction
In biology, signal transduction is any process by which a cell converts one kind of signal or stimulus into another. Processes referred to as signal transduction often involve a sequence of biochemical reactions inside the cell, which are carried out by enzymes and linked through second messengers. Such processes take place in as little time as a millisecond or as long as a few seconds. Slower processes are rarely referred to as signal transduction.
In many transduction processes, an increasing number of enzymes and other molecules become engaged in the events that proceed from the initial stimulus. In such cases the chain of steps is referred to as a "signaling cascade" or a "second messenger pathway" and often results in a small stimulus eliciting a large response.
In bacteria and other one-cell organisms, the variety of signal transduction processes of which the cell is capable influences how many ways it can react and respond to its environment. In a less direct way the same is true of animals and plants. Sensing in all forms of life depends, at the cellular level, on signal transduction.
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Cell Signaling Pathways - Educational resource to browse or download powerpoint slides, on apoptosis, cell cycle, cytokines, growth factors, gene regulation, ion channels, neurotransmission, and the role of nitric oxide. Links to technical support and customer services of Sigma-Aldrich Co.
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Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. - Phospho-specific Antibodies and other Innovative Discovery Tools for Cell Signaling Research.
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Cell Signalling - Research focused on phosphoinositide 3-kinases, in lipid phosporylation within cell membranes. Phospholipids initiate cascades for cellular activities. Related links to groups at the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, London, UK.
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Dynamic Signaling Maps - Web-based software for creating, editing, annotating, and storing biological signaling pathways, doing consistency checks when integrating data from multiple sources, producing biomolecular network maps, and integrating pathways with protein-protein interaction data.
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Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment - Resources in the field offered by Science Online. Requires registration, and subscription fee for most content.
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WWW Virtual Library: Signal Transduction - Annotated index of online resources dealing with sub-cellular messaging in cell growth, differentiation and stimulus response.
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