Geology (from Greek γη- (ge-, "the earth") and λογος (logos, "word", "reason")) is the science and study of the solid matter of a celestial body, its composition, structure, physical properties, history and the processes that shape it. It is one of the Earth sciences. Geologists have helped establish the age of the Earth at about 4.6 billion (4.6x109) years, and have determined that the Earth's lithosphere, which includes the crust, is fragmented into tectonic plates that move over a rheic upper mantle (asthenosphere) via processes that are collectively referred to as plate tectonics. Geologists help locate and manage the earth's natural resources, such as petroleum and coal, as well as metals such as iron, copper, and uranium. Additional economic interests include gemstones and many minerals such as asbestos, perlite, mica, phosphates, zeolites, clay, pumice, quartz, and silica, as well as elements such as sulphur, chlorine, and helium.
Astrogeology refers to the application of geologic principles to other bodies of the solar system. However, specialised terms such as selenology (studies of the Moon), areology (of Mars), etc., are also in use.
The word "geology" was first used by Jean-André Deluc in the year 1778 and introduced as a fixed term by Horace-Bénédict de Saussure in the year 1779. An older meaning of the word was first used by Richard de Bury. He used it to distinguish between earthly and theological jurisprudence.
More on [ Geology ]
Criticism of Darwinism :: Anomalies and Alternative Science
Geology :: Earth Sciences

Science - Specializing in comparative mythology and archaeoastronomy, building on the works Immanuel Velikovsky. Recurring topics include: the prominence of planets in ancient myth, religion, and literature.
Meta Description: [ Aeon explores the evidence for global catastrophes and interplanetary upheaval in the recent past, seeking out the implications for the affected disciplines. The symposium is designed to encourage independent investigation, to speed up the process of communicating findings to others, and to foste... ]
Catastrophic Theory of Mountain Uplifts - Most of the ideas suggested for crustal deformation over the last 150 years offer explanation for only one type of deformation. They cannot address crustal deformations such as upthrust, shear, stress, compression, tension, tilting, dip or slip, and riding. This article asks: What is the source of the energy and force causing change?
Meta Description: [ Astronomers, geographers, geologists and others search for theory that addresses the causation of mountains. Mountain ranges, mountain systems, mountain cycles, volcanoes, and basaltic outflows all cast shadows over a culture unable to explain their existence. ]
Central Expanding Earth Exchange - Offers proof the Earth is expanding rapidly by external accretion of cosmic dust/meteorites and internal expansion of the core. Subduction is false.
Coming to Light - Digital Elevation Models illustrate the effects of comet collisions on geomorphology.
Dinosaurs and the Expanding Earth - Book which provides an explanation for the gigantic sizes of dinosaurs that suggests that the earth had less mass and was smaller in those days.
Earth's Magnetic Field - A theory on how Earth's magnetic field reverses its magnetic polarity.
Godblasters - Claiming that geographical imagery created gods and myths.
Natural causes of the death of the dinosaurs - The cause of the death of the dinosaurs is not a catastrophic impact (Alvarez) but the natural rupture of the probabilistic food chain of calcium
Meta Description: [ The cause of the mass extinction of the dinosaurs is not caused by a catastrophe at the KT limit (crater of impact of Chicxulub - Alvarez) but with a natural cause, the probabilistic influence of biochemistry of calcium ]
On the Origin of Dinosaurs and Mammals - A gravity reduction in the early Mesozoic caused a faunal transition from small robust synapsid reptiles (therapsids) to large gracile diapsid reptiles (archosaurs), including many families of gigantic dinosaurs.
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Pole Shift Forum - Debates about earth-bound mechanisms that might cause such events as polar shift, crustal displacement, pole wandering and disturbances to the earth's rotational balance.
Poleshifts - Six page article on how terrestial pole shifts happen, with evidence for previous shifts. Investigates the works of Hapgood, Velikovsky and Bowles. Lots of pictures and diagrams.
Meta Description: [ Prepare yourself: Global Cataclysm predicted for Dec 2012 ]
Terracycles - Personal site presents a theory for sudden global climate change in the geologic past, in which thermohaline circulation breakdown is one effect of an ice age (not its cause).
The Expanded Earth - Large site offering evidence for an expanding Earth. Does not investigate possible mechanisms.
The Need for a New Model of the Earth - Claims that evidence indicates that the present model of the Earth is seriously flawed, and that a new model of the Earth resolves present anomalies and mysteries.
The Sirius Research Group - Scientific analysis of the mathematical relationship between Earth's complete period of revolution, the tropical-sidereal year and our civil calendar indicates that earth's precession is not a scientific fact.
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